Cortical firing dynamics during micro-arousals vary with sleep/wake history and micro-arousal duration.
Paper
Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC
The paper is loaded when this pane is shown.
The authors' code
Markdown · 3 lines · 237 B · no license
- Code to automatically detect and analyse micro-arousals from mouse EEG data.
- The code is ordered into folders with "scripts" containing scripts used for analysis and "functions" containing custom functions that are used in the scripts.
README.md at commit e968029, no license · at the source
Overview
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford,Oxford, OX1 3PT UK
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine,2600 Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford,Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford,Sherrington Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford,Oxford, OX1 3SR UK
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern,Bern, Switzerland
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Abstract
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is not uniform but characterized by brief intrusions of wake-like brain activity and increased muscle tonus known as micro-arousals or brief awakenings. Although micro-arousals are an inherent feature of human and animal sleep, knowledge about the neural correlates of micro-arousals is sparse. We here developed an algorithm for automatic detection of micro-arousals based on EMG activity and used it to analyse the associated laminar neural activity in the motor cortex in mice. Our analysis showed that short micro-arousals with a duration below 5 s were associated with decreased cortical firing, while longer micro-arousals with a duration of 5–10 s were associated with increased firing in a similar manner to transitions to wakefulness. Analysis of single-channel firing showed that some channels exhibited increased activity immediately prior to micro-arousals, while others exhibited decreased activity. Slow wave activity (SWA, 1–4 Hz) immediately after micro-arousals was tightly correlated with sleep pressure and even surpassed average SWA levels during NREM sleep in sleep deprived animals. This study provides new insights into the neural mechanisms associated with micro-arousals and identifies a new link between sleep architecture and sleep homeostasis.
Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.
nhauglund/automatic-micro-arousal-detection
e968029d8be11060f9ea436d9e701c62b191077c, 16 May 2025Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
- 28 September 2026: the link answers
1 file
- README.md, Text, 3 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 0 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- no match between paragraphs and code yet;
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.
Data availability
The micro-arousal detection algorithm code is available on GitHub: [https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 2 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 6 funders, 59 references.
Cite
This paper
Hauglund, N. L., Krone, L. B., Kahn, M., Blanco-Duque, C., & Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2026). Cortical firing dynamics during micro-arousals vary with sleep/
BibTeX
@article{hauglund2026cor
author = {Hauglund, Natalie L. and Krone, Lukas B. and Kahn, Martin and Blanco-Duque, Cristina and Vyazovskiy, Vladyslav V.},
title = {{Cortical firing dynamics during micro-arousals vary with sleep/
journal = {Scientific reports},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {15391},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2045-2322},
doi = {10.1038/
url = {https://
pmid = {41922415},
pmcid = {PMC13183868}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Hauglund, Natalie L.
AU - Krone, Lukas B.
AU - Kahn, Martin
AU - Blanco-Duque, Cristina
AU - Vyazovskiy, Vladyslav V.
TI - Cortical firing dynamics during micro-arousals vary with sleep/
T2 - Scientific reports
J2 - Sci Rep
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 16
IS - 1
SP - 15391
SN - 2045-2322
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.1038/
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Cortical firing dynamics during micro-arousals vary with sleep/
"container-title": "Scientific reports",
"author": [
{
"family": "Hauglund",
"given": "Natalie L."
},
{
"family": "Krone",
"given": "Lukas B."
},
{
"family": "Kahn",
"given": "Martin"
},
{
"family": "Blanco-Duque",
"given": "Cristina"
},
{
"family": "Vyazovskiy",
"given": "Vladyslav V."
}
],
"container-title-short":
"volume": "16",
"issue": "1",
"page": "15391",
"DOI": "10.1038/
"PMID": "41922415",
"PMCID": "PMC13183868",
"ISSN": "2045-2322",
"publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
"URL": "https://
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
4,
1
]
]
}
}
The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.
Similar papers
The papers with a page that share the most with this one: the tools found in their code, their categories, datasets, cited references and authors, the rarest counting most.
- [1] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73106-z [code]
- Respiratory pauses highlight sleep architecture in mice.Journal: Nature communicationsIn common: EEG, mouse, 6 references
- [2] doi:10.7554/elife.106992
- Cortical layer 6b mediates state-dependent changes in brain activity and effects of orexin on waking and sleep.Journal: eLifeIn common: EEG, mouse, 5 references
- [3] doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10646-6 [code]
- Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism.Journal: Communications biologyIn common: mouse, 5 references
- [4] doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02314-z [code]
- Low-dimensional population dynamics in the brainstem gate REM sleep.Journal: Nature neuroscienceIn common: systems, EEG, mouse, 4 references
- [5] doi:10.7554/elife.109159
- Differential locus coeruleus-hippocampus interactions during offline states.Journal: eLifeIn common: 4 references
- [6] doi:10.1007/s44470-026-00131-6
- Sleep homeostasis impairment across obstructive sleep apnea severity: findings from a population-based cohort study.Journal: Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep MedicineIn common: EEG, 2 references
- [7] doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09988-y
- Thalamic involvement defines distinct slow-wave subtypes in NREM sleep.Journal: Communications biologyIn common: EEG, 2 references
- [8] doi:10.1073/pnas.2528913123 [code]
- Sleep deprivation exhibits an age-dependent effect on infraslow global brain activity.Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaIn common: 2 references
- [9] doi:10.1126/sciadv.aec3893 [code]
- Enriched experience increases reciprocal synaptic connectivity and coding sparsity in higher-order cortex.Journal: Science advancesIn common: mouse, 2 references
- [10] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-73997-y
- Cortex-specific inversion of visual responses during sleep.Journal: Nature communicationsIn common: systems, EEG, 1 reference
Contribute
The authors of this paper can claim it, correct its record and validate its tracing map, and the maintainers of its code (its owner, or a public member of its organization) correct what it says of their repository; anyone signed in can ask for its removal. Every request goes to OSCR's own machine, which answers it; your account page follows them.
Sign in with ORCID to claim this paper as one of its authors, correct its record or validate its tracing map: when the paper's metadata lists your ORCID iD, you are recognized at once. Maintainers of its code: sign in with GitHub, then claim the repository on your account page.
Claim this paper
Correct its record
Say what each link of this record is, remove the ones that are not the paper's, add the ones that are missing. The correction becomes a new version of the record, in its Versions section.
Validate its tracing map
You validate the map as this page shows it: 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit and with its license, 0 scripts, and 0 matches between paragraphs and code (see the Code and Map sections). It then receives a DOI on Zenodo, with you (your ORCID iD) and OSCR as its creators; the code itself is not deposited.
The map's fingerprint: sha256:ed5dc59fd2bb0cf2…
Add the badge to its README
The badge links the code to this page. Copy one of these into the README of the paper's code: only you decide where it goes, and nothing is changed for you.
Markdown
[, paste the snippet at the top, then “Commit changes…” and, to review it first, “Create a new branch and start a pull request”. You open the pull request; OSCR asks for no permission.
Request its removal
To ask OSCR to remove this record, the copies of its authors' scripts or its tracing map, use the removal request page: signed in, you say who you are, what to remove and why, then review and confirm the request. Published rules decide every request (how).
Discussion, reproductions, activity
Discussion: questions and error reports about this paper and its code, from signed-in readers and its authors. It opens with sign-in.
Reproductions: reports from readers who ran the authors' code: what they reproduced, with which environment, commit and data. It opens with sign-in.
Activity: what happens around this paper: new versions of its record, its map's validation, discussions and reproductions. It opens with sign-in.