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Modulations of the P3b effect as a function of bilingual language experience.

Code ↔ Paper

18 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 18 matches · 11 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: weak matches, whose lines are not tinted
  1. [1] § Method › EEG/ERP processing and analyses ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_03_1_badchandetectpreICA.m, lines 1–101 · score 0.85 · extreme artifacts, bad channels, pre ICA, artifact rejection, buffer, longer
  2. [2] § Method › Cluster-based permutation test ↔ R Analyses Scripts/Main Analyses Scripts/Modulation_of_the_P3b_MLR_Analysis.R, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.81 · centroparietal cluster, quadratic term, regression model, parental education, P3b amplitude, predict
  3. [3] § Method › Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_07_epoch.m, lines 1–33 · score 0.81 · GmbH, StimTrak, Brain Products, Germany, Gilching, delay
  4. [4] § Method › Measures ↔ R Analyses Scripts/Exploratory Analyses Scripts/Modulations_of_the_P3b_Exploratory_MLR_with_Other_Factor_Scores.R, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.79 · English proficiency factor, factor score, Exploratory, Composite Score, S4, P3b amplitude
  5. [5] § Method › Cluster-based permutation test ↔ R Analyses Scripts/Main Analyses Scripts/Modulations_of_the_P3b_Cluster_Comparisons.R, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.79 · multiple regression model, bilingual composite score, parental education, S6, P3b amplitude, cluster
  6. [6] § Method › EEG/ERP processing and analyses ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_03_2_preICA.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.77 · extreme artifacts, pre ICA, exceeding, buffer, longer, reject
  7. [7] § Method › EEG/ERP processing and analyses ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_06_b_postICA.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.69 · bipolar eye channels, ICLabel, ICA weights, components, Artifact, EEG
  8. [8] § Method › EEG/ERP data quality ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_8_4_bSME.m, lines 1–12 · score 0.68 · bootstrapped standardized measurement, standardized measurement error, bSME, EEG
  9. [9] § Method › EEG/ERP processing and analyses ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_04_runICA.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.68 · bipolar HEOG, scalp channels, VEOG channels, ERP CORE, ICA, pre
  10. [10] § Method › Data analysis ↔ R Analyses Scripts/Main Analyses Scripts/Modulations_of_the_P3b_Cluster_Comparisons.R, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.67 · bilingual composite score, multiple regression, P3b amplitude, cluster, quadratic, models
  11. [11] § Method › Measures ↔ R Analyses Scripts/Exploratory Analyses Scripts/Modulations_of_the_P3b_Exploratory_MLR_with_Other_Factor_Scores.R, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.67 · English Proficiency, Factor Score, composite scores, Home, Social, parents
  12. [12] § Method › EEG/ERP processing and analyses ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_02_preprocess_script.m, lines 1–57 · score 0.66 · Bipolar eye channels, 0.1–40 Hz, filter, mastoids, 0.1 Hz, EEGLAB
  13. [13] § Method › EEG/ERP processing and analyses ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_08_2_autoAR.m, lines 129–151 · score 0.66 · artifact rejection, ICA corrected, uncorrected, ERP CORE, VEOG, peak
  14. [14] § Method › EEG/ERP processing and analyses ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_07_epoch.m, lines 1–33 · score 0.61 · baseline correction, stimulus event, delays, ERP CORE, epoching, 200 ms
  15. [15] § Method › EEG/ERP processing and analyses ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_05_ICLabel.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.60 · ICLabel, ICA weights, classified, brain, components, eye
  16. [16] § Method › Data analysis ↔ R Analyses Scripts/Main Analyses Scripts/Modulation_of_the_P3b_MLR_Analysis.R, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.53 · P3b amplitude, centroparietal, socioeconomic, quadratic, models, RT
  17. [17] § Method › Participants ↔ R Analyses Scripts/Exploratory Analyses Scripts/Modulations_of_the_P3b_Behavioral_MLR.R, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.52 · Composite Factor Score, subset, accuracy, SES, childhood, parents
  18. [18] § Method › ERP time-window mean amplitude measures ↔ EEG Processing Scripts/BILINGUALISM_P3b_8_4_bSME.m, lines 85–89 · score 0.52 · 300–600 ms, amplitude scores, waves, 300 ms

Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

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The authors' code

R · 51 lines · 1.9 KB · no license · 2 matches

  1. ##Modulations of the P3b: Multiple Linear Regression Script##
  3. #-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  5. #Author: Rodas De León, N. E.
  6. #Date: January 2026
  8. #Description:
  9. # This script processes the Modulations of the P3b dataset by
  10. # applying exclusion criteria (visual inspection, demographic,
  11. # and behavioral), and running multiple linear regression models
  12. #predicting RT Effect (Rare RT - Frequent RT) and P3b amplitude (Cluster 6)
  13. # from composite factor score (linear and
  14. # quadratic terms) and socioeconomic status (parental education).
  16. library(tidyverse)
  17. library(lm.beta)
  19. finaldataset <- "Modulations_of_the_P3b_Dataset.csv" #load the dataset
  20. df <- read.csv(finaldataset)
  22. df <- subset(df, Visual_Inspection == 0 & DemoExclude == 0 & Behavior_exclude == 0) #apply exclusion criteria
  24. #center and scale the predictors
  25. comp_z <- scale(df$Composite_Factor_Score, scale = TRUE, center = TRUE)
  26. ses_z <- scale(df$HighestParentEduYears, scale = TRUE, center = TRUE)
  28. # Running Model 1:RT Effect ~ Deg of Bilingualism + SES -----------------------------------
  29. RT_effect <- lm(RT_Effect ~ comp_z + I(comp_z^2) + ses_z, data = df)
  30. summary(RT_effect)
  31. lm.beta(RT_effect)
  32. confint(RT_effect)
  34. # Running Model 2:P3b Amplitude over Centroparietal Cluster ~ Deg of Bilingualism + SES -----------------------------------
  35. #note Cluster 6 includes Pz, P3, P4, CP1, CP2, CP6
  36. P3b_amp_Cluster6 <- lm(P3b_Amp_Cluster_6 ~ comp_z + I(comp_z^2) + ses_z, data = df)
  37. summary(P3b_amp_Cluster6)
  38. lm.beta(P3b_amp_Cluster6)
  39. confint(P3b_amp_Cluster6)
  41. #Linear models ----------------------------
  43. RT_effect_linear <- lm(RT_Effect ~ comp_z + ses_z, data = df)
  44. summary(RT_effect_linear)
  45. lm.beta(RT_effect_linear)
  46. confint(RT_effect_linear)
  48. P3b_amp_Cluster6_linear <- lm(P3b_Amp_Cluster_6 ~ comp_z + ses_z, data = df)
  49. summary(P3b_amp_Cluster6_linear)
  50. lm.beta(P3b_amp_Cluster6_linear)
  51. confint(P3b_amp_Cluster6_linear)

Modulation_of_the_P3b_MLR_Analysis.R, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Nancy E. Rodas De León1,2, Heather Bortfeld1,3,2, Kristina C. Backer3,2
ORCID iDs: Heather Bortfeld
  1. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
  2. Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced,Merced, CA 95343 USA
  3. Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced,5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
Institutions: University of California, Merced (United States)
Journal: Scientific reports, volume 16, issue 1, article 23937
Dates: received 2 November 2025; accepted 2 April 2026; published online 25 May 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-47785-z · PMID 42185369 · PMCID PMC13434803 · OpenAlex W7162291944
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: EEG (modality), human (organism), cognitive (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Connectivity, Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Preprocessing, Evoked potentials, fMRI & imaging, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: Degree of bilingual engagement, P3b, Attention allocation, Electrophysiology, Young adults, Neuroscience, Psychology
MeSH: Event-Related Potentials, P300*, Multilingualism*, Adult, Attention, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Reaction Time, Young Adult (* major topic)
Topic: Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Carlston Cunningham Family
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 106 references in the paper

Abstract

Recent theoretical accounts propose that variability in bilingual language experience can drive neuroplastic modifications in attentional systems. In the present study, we empirically evaluated this proposition by examining whether continuous variation in bilingual language experience predicts neural activity associated with the allocation of attention to salient environmental stimuli. To this end, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) and response time data from young adults with diverse language backgrounds as they completed an active visual oddball paradigm known to elicit the P3b component. Language experience was quantified using composite factor scores derived from the Language and Social Background Questionnaire, which served as an index of participants’ cumulative bilingual language engagement. Because childhood family socioeconomic status (SES) is known to influence neural development and adult cognitive functioning, we also controlled for childhood family SES. Although neither bilingualism nor childhood family SES was associated with behavioral performance, greater bilingual language experience was positively associated with the magnitude of the P3b effect. These findings indicate that, even after accounting for childhood family SES, lifelong bilingual language engagement may shape the neural mechanisms supporting attention allocation during dynamic stimulus tracking.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 18 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

OSF 3aczu

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Languages: MATLAB (17), R (4)
Size: 107 files, 21 scripts
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: the text, “EEG/ERP processing and analyses”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: EEGLAB (16 files), ERPLAB (9 files), tidyverse (4 files), Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (2 files), ICLabel (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
21 files
At the source: osf.io/3aczu/overview

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 21 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 18 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the Open Science Framework repository,https://osf.io/3aczu/overview.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 3 authors, 7 keywords, 10 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 96 references.

Cite

This paper

Rodas De León, N. E., Bortfeld, H., & Backer, K. C. (2026). Modulations of the P3b effect as a function of bilingual language experience. Scientific reports, 16(1), 23937. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-47785-z

BibTeX

@article{rodasdeleon2026modulations,
author = {Rodas De León, Nancy E. and Bortfeld, Heather and Backer, Kristina C.},
title = {{Modulations of the P3b effect as a function of bilingual language experience}},
journal = {Scientific reports},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {23937},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2045-2322},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-47785-z},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-47785-z},
pmid = {42185369},
pmcid = {PMC13434803}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Rodas De León, Nancy E.
AU - Bortfeld, Heather
AU - Backer, Kristina C.
TI - Modulations of the P3b effect as a function of bilingual language experience
T2 - Scientific reports
J2 - Sci Rep
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/25
VL - 16
IS - 1
SP - 23937
SN - 2045-2322
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-47785-z
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-47785-z
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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