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Hybrid Vi+ECNN framework for advanced ADHD diagnostic accuracy in medical imaging.

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  1. [1] § Proposed model › Hybrid ViT+ECNN model ↔ Combined.ipynb, lines 119 to 157 · score 0.71 · linearly projected, classification layer, CLS, Patch16, pretrained, token · Report a mismatch
  2. [2] § Experimental results › Hyperparameter settings ↔ Comments response .ipynb, lines 227 to 299 · score 0.65 · AdamW, cross validation, weight decay, stratified, memory, metrics · Report a mismatch
  3. [3] § Experimental results › Hyperparameter settings ↔ Comments__response_ v2.ipynb, lines 227 to 299 · score 0.65 · AdamW, cross validation, weight decay, stratified, memory, metrics · Report a mismatch
  4. [4] § Proposed model › Data preprocessing ↔ Combined.ipynb, lines 24 to 30 · score 0.62 · Quantile Histogram Equalization, median filtering, QHED · Report a mismatch
  5. [5] § Proposed model › Data preprocessing ↔ ECNN.ipynb, lines 23 to 29 · score 0.62 · Quantile Histogram Equalization, median filtering, QHED · Report a mismatch
  6. [6] § Proposed model › Hybrid ViT+ECNN model ↔ Combined.ipynb, lines 119 to 157 · score 0.61 · fully connected layer, ReLU, concatenation, module, ViT, ECNN · Report a mismatch
  7. [7] § Proposed model › Data augmentation ↔ ViT.ipynb, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.56 · cosine annealing learning, scheduler, cross, loss, splits, validation · Report a mismatch
  8. [8] § Proposed model › Data augmentation ↔ Combined.ipynb, lines 185 to 188 · score 0.52 · cosine annealing learning, scheduler, cross, loss, Model · Report a mismatch
  9. [9] § Experimental results › Structural ablation study for module necessity validation ↔ Comments__response_ v2.ipynb, lines 663 to 782 · score 0.51 · structural ablation, necessity, score, recall, configuration, precision · Report a mismatch
  10. [10] § Experimental results › Structural ablation study for module necessity validation ↔ Comments__response_ v2.ipynb, lines 663 to 782 · score 0.51 · structural ablation, QHED preprocessing, necessity, fusion, configuration, modules · Report a mismatch

Paper

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The authors' code

Jupyter notebook · 260 lines · 9.6 KB · no license · 4 matches

  1. # %%
  2. import os
  3. import numpy as np
  4. import torch
  5. import torch.nn as nn
  6. from torch.optim import AdamW
  7. from torch.optim.lr_scheduler import CosineAnnealingLR
  8. from torchvision import datasets, transforms
  9. from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
  10. from transformers import ViTForImageClassification
  11. from PIL import Image, ImageEnhance, ImageFilter
  13. # --- Preprocessing Functions ---
  14. def apply_pst(image, alpha=0.1, beta=0.1):
  15. """Apply Phase Stretch Transform (PST) to the image."""
  16. image = np.array(image, dtype=np.float32) / 255.0
  17. fft_image = np.fft.fft2(image)
  18. magnitude = np.abs(fft_image)
  19. phase = np.angle(fft_image)
  20. phase_stretched = phase + alpha * np.tanh(beta * phase)
  21. pst_image = np.abs(np.fft.ifft2(magnitude * np.exp(1j * phase_stretched)))
  22. return pst_image
  24. def apply_qhed(image):
  25. """Apply Quantile Histogram Equalization and Denoising (QHED) to the image."""
  26. image = image.convert("RGB")
  27. enhancer = ImageEnhance.Contrast(image)
  28. enhanced_image = enhancer.enhance(2.0)
  29. denoised_image = enhanced_image.filter(ImageFilter.MedianFilter(size=3))
  30. return denoised_image
  32. # --- Dataset Class ---
  33. class TripleInputDataset(datasets.ImageFolder):
  34. """Dataset that returns raw, PST, and QHED images."""
  35. def __getitem__(self, index):
  36. path, label = self.samples[index]
  37. image = Image.open(path).convert("RGB")
  39. # Raw Image
  40. raw_image = self.transform(image)
  42. # PST Preprocessed Image
  43. pst_image = apply_pst(image)
  44. pst_image = Image.fromarray((pst_image * 255).astype(np.uint8)).convert("RGB")
  45. pst_image = self.transform(pst_image)
  47. # QHED Preprocessed Image
  48. qhed_image = apply_qhed(image)
  49. qhed_image = self.transform(qhed_image)
  51. return raw_image, pst_image, qhed_image, label
  53. # --- Residual Block ---
  54. class ResidualBlock(nn.Module):
  55. """A residual block with convolutional layers and skip connections."""
  56. def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, stride=1):
  57. super(ResidualBlock, self).__init__()
  58. self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, stride=stride, padding=1)
  59. self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels)
  60. self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
  61. self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
  62. self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels)
  64. self.skip = nn.Sequential()
  65. if stride != 1 or in_channels != out_channels:
  66. self.skip = nn.Sequential(
  67. nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False),
  68. nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels)
  69. )
  71. def forward(self, x):
  72. identity = self.skip(x)
  73. out = self.conv1(x)
  74. out = self.bn1(out)
  75. out = self.relu(out)
  76. out = self.conv2(out)
  77. out = self.bn2(out)
  78. out += identity
  79. return self.relu(out)
  81. # --- ECNN High-Capacity Model ---
  82. class ECNNHighCapacity(nn.Module):
  83. """High-Capacity Ensemble CNN with Residual Blocks."""
  84. def __init__(self, num_classes):
  85. super(ECNNHighCapacity, self).__init__()
  86. self.raw_cnn = self._create_cnn_branch()
  87. self.pst_cnn = self._create_cnn_branch()
  88. self.qhed_cnn = self._create_cnn_branch()
  90. # Combine features from all three branches and reduce to 512
  91. self.fc = nn.Sequential(
  92. nn.Linear(256 * 3, 512), # Combine and reduce features to 512
  93. nn.ReLU(),
  94. nn.Dropout(0.5),
  95. )
  97. def _create_cnn_branch(self):
  98. return nn.Sequential(
  99. ResidualBlock(3, 64),
  100. ResidualBlock(64, 128, stride=2),
  101. ResidualBlock(128, 128),
  102. ResidualBlock(128, 256, stride=2),
  103. nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))
  104. )
  106. def forward(self, raw_x, pst_x, qhed_x):
  107. # Process each input branch
  108. raw_features = self.raw_cnn(raw_x).view(raw_x.size(0), -1) # Shape: (batch_size, 256)
  109. pst_features = self.pst_cnn(pst_x).view(pst_x.size(0), -1) # Shape: (batch_size, 256)
  110. qhed_features = self.qhed_cnn(qhed_x).view(qhed_x.size(0), -1) # Shape: (batch_size, 256)
  112. # Concatenate features
  113. combined_features = torch.cat((raw_features, pst_features, qhed_features), dim=1) # Shape: (batch_size, 768)
  115. # Reduce to 512
  116. return self.fc(combined_features) # Shape: (batch_size, 512)
  119. # --- Combined Fine-Tuned Model ---
  120. class CombinedFineTunedModel(nn.Module):
  121. """Fine-tuned model combining ViT and ECNN outputs."""
  122. def __init__(self, num_classes):
  123. super(CombinedFineTunedModel, self).__init__()
  124. # Pretrained ViT with hidden states enabled
  125. self.vit = ViTForImageClassification.from_pretrained(
  126. "google/vit-base-patch16-224-in21k",
  127. output_hidden_states=True # Enable hidden states for feature extraction
  128. )
  129. self.vit_hidden_size = 768 # Default hidden size of ViT
  130. self.ecnn = ECNNHighCapacity(num_classes) # ECNN with raw, PST, and QHED inputs
  132. # Linear projection to align ViT features with ECNN features
  133. self.vit_projection = nn.Linear(self.vit_hidden_size, 512)
  135. # Fully connected layer to combine ViT and ECNN features
  136. self.fc = nn.Sequential(
  137. nn.Linear(512 + 512, 256), # Combine ViT (512) + ECNN (512)
  138. nn.ReLU(),
  139. nn.Dropout(0.5),
  140. nn.Linear(256, num_classes) # Final classification layer
  141. )
  143. def forward(self, raw_x, pst_x, qhed_x):
  144. # Extract ViT features from the CLS token
  145. vit_outputs = self.vit(raw_x, output_hidden_states=True)
  146. vit_hidden_states = vit_outputs.hidden_states[-1] # Last hidden state
  147. vit_cls_token = vit_hidden_states[:, 0, :] # CLS token (batch_size, 768)
  148. vit_features = self.vit_projection(vit_cls_token) # Project to (batch_size, 512)
  150. # Get ECNN features
  151. ecnn_features = self.ecnn(raw_x, pst_x, qhed_x) # Output: (batch_size, 512)
  153. # Concatenate features from ViT and ECNN
  154. combined_features = torch.cat((vit_features, ecnn_features), dim=1) # Shape: (batch_size, 1024)
  156. # Pass through the final fully connected layer
  157. return self.fc(combined_features)
  160. # --- Training Setup ---
  161. train_dir = "/kaggle/input/binary-augmented-split-adhd/ADHD - Augmented Split Binary/train"
  162. val_dir = "/kaggle/input/binary-augmented-split-adhd/ADHD - Augmented Split Binary/validation"
  164. # Dataset Transform
  165. transform = transforms.Compose([
  166. transforms.Resize((224, 224)),
  167. transforms.ToTensor(),
  168. transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]),
  169. ])
  171. # Datasets and Loaders
  172. batch_size = 8
  173. train_dataset = TripleInputDataset(root=train_dir, transform=transform)
  174. val_dataset = TripleInputDataset(root=val_dir, transform=transform)
  176. train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
  177. val_loader = DataLoader(val_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False)
  179. # Instantiate Model
  180. num_classes = 2
  181. model = CombinedFineTunedModel(num_classes)
  182. device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
  183. model.to(device)
  185. # Optimizer, Scheduler, and Loss
  186. optimizer = AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=1e-4, weight_decay=1e-4)
  187. scheduler = CosineAnnealingLR(optimizer, T_max=10)
  188. criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
  190. # --- Save Checkpoint ---
  191. def save_checkpoint(epoch, model, optimizer, scheduler, train_loss, val_loss, train_acc, val_acc, path):
  192. checkpoint = {
  193. "epoch": epoch,
  194. "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
  195. "optimizer_state_dict": optimizer.state_dict(),
  196. "scheduler_state_dict": scheduler.state_dict(),
  197. "train_loss": train_loss,
  198. "val_loss": val_loss,
  199. "train_acc": train_acc,
  200. "val_acc": val_acc,
  201. }
  202. torch.save(checkpoint, path)
  203. print(f"Checkpoint saved: {path}")
  205. # --- Training Loop ---
  206. epochs = 10
  207. for epoch in range(epochs):
  208. model.train()
  209. running_loss, correct, total = 0.0, 0, 0
  211. for raw_x, pst_x, qhed_x, labels in train_loader:
  212. raw_x, pst_x, qhed_x, labels = raw_x.to(device), pst_x.to(device), qhed_x.to(device), labels.to(device)
  214. optimizer.zero_grad()
  215. outputs = model(raw_x, pst_x, qhed_x)
  216. loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
  217. loss.backward()
  218. optimizer.step()
  220. running_loss += loss.item()
  221. _, preds = torch.max(outputs, 1)
  222. correct += (preds == labels).sum().item()
  223. total += labels.size(0)
  225. scheduler.step()
  226. train_loss = running_loss / len(train_loader)
  227. train_acc = correct / total
  228. print(f"Epoch {epoch+1}, Train Loss: {train_loss:.4f}, Train Acc: {train_acc:.4f}")
  230. # Validation Loop
  231. model.eval()
  232. val_loss, val_correct, val_total = 0.0, 0, 0
  233. with torch.no_grad():
  234. for raw_x, pst_x, qhed_x, labels in val_loader:
  235. raw_x, pst_x, qhed_x, labels = raw_x.to(device), pst_x.to(device), qhed_x.to(device), labels.to(device)
  236. outputs = model(raw_x, pst_x, qhed_x)
  237. loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
  238. val_loss += loss.item()
  239. _, preds = torch.max(outputs, 1)
  240. val_correct += (preds == labels).sum().item()
  241. val_total += labels.size(0)
  243. val_loss /= len(val_loader)
  244. val_acc = val_correct / val_total
  245. print(f"Epoch {epoch+1}, Val Loss: {val_loss:.4f}, Val Acc: {val_acc:.4f}")
  247. # Save Model
  248. checkpoint_path = f"fine_tuned_combined_model_epoch_{epoch+1}.pth"
  249. save_checkpoint(
  250. epoch=epoch + 1,
  251. model=model,
  252. optimizer=optimizer,
  253. scheduler=scheduler,
  254. train_loss=train_loss,
  255. val_loss=val_loss,
  256. train_acc=train_acc,
  257. val_acc=val_acc,
  258. path=checkpoint_path,
  259. )

Combined.ipynb at commit 3a399cf, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Shaymaa E Sorour1, Lamia Hassan1, Osman Elwasila1, Tsunenori Mine2, Mohamed Ali Nagy Elmaadaway3
  1. Department of Management Information Systems, School of Business, King Faisal University, 31982 Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
  2. Department of Advanced Information Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
  3. Research Center of Excellence in Science and Mathematics Education Development, DSR, King Saud University, 2458, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Institutions: King Faisal University (Saudi Arabia); Kyushu University (Japan); King Saud University (Saudi Arabia)
Journal: Scientific reports, volume 16, issue 1, article 19017
Dates: received 12 July 2025; accepted 23 April 2026; published online 2 May 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC-ND
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-50791-w · PMID 42069836 · PMCID PMC13280160 · OpenAlex W7159982485
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified (how the code is found and verified)
Categories: structural MRI / diffusion (modality), human (organism), ADHD (population), clinical / translational (subfield)
Methods: Machine learning, Statistics, Connectivity, Preprocessing
Keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Deep learning, Vision transformer (ViT), Enhanced convolutional neural network (ECNN), Medical image classification, Pediatric MRI, Hybrid architectures, Computational biology and bioinformatics, Diseases, Engineering, Health care, Mathematics and computing, Medical research, Neuroscience
MeSH: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity*, Brain*, Deep Learning*, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted*, Magnetic Resonance Imaging*, Child, Convolutional Neural Networks, Humans (* major topic)
Topic: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Psychiatry and Mental health, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University (KFU254121)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 66 references in the paper

Abstract

The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 10 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

shaymaasorour/Hybrid-ViT-ECNN-Framework-for-Advanced-ADHD-Diagnostic-Accuracy-in-Medical-Imaging

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 3a399cf849f18af7132ca1882adc4933baa6b856, 22 April 2026
Languages: Jupyter (5)
Size: 6 files, 5 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data availability”
Holds: README, 5 notebooks
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: PyTorch (5 files), NumPy (4 files), Pillow (4 files), Matplotlib (2 files), OpenCV (2 files), pandas (2 files), scikit-learn (2 files), seaborn (2 files), Hugging Face Transformers (2 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers
6 files
At the source: github.com/shaymaasorour/Hybrid-ViT-ECNN-Framework-for-Advanced-ADHD-Diagnostic-Accuracy-in-Medical-Imaging

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50791-w.

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Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 14 keywords, 8 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 61 references.

Cite

This paper

Sorour, S. E., Hassan, L., Elwasila, O., Mine, T., & Elmaadaway, M. A. N. (2026). Hybrid Vi+ECNN framework for advanced ADHD diagnostic accuracy in medical imaging. Scientific reports, 16(1), 19017. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50791-w

BibTeX

@article{sorour2026hybrid,
author = {Sorour, Shaymaa E and Hassan, Lamia and Elwasila, Osman and Mine, Tsunenori and Elmaadaway, Mohamed Ali Nagy},
title = {{Hybrid Vi+ECNN framework for advanced ADHD diagnostic accuracy in medical imaging}},
journal = {Scientific reports},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {19017},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2045-2322},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-50791-w},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50791-w},
pmid = {42069836},
pmcid = {PMC13280160}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Sorour, Shaymaa E
AU - Hassan, Lamia
AU - Elwasila, Osman
AU - Mine, Tsunenori
AU - Elmaadaway, Mohamed Ali Nagy
TI - Hybrid Vi+ECNN framework for advanced ADHD diagnostic accuracy in medical imaging
T2 - Scientific reports
J2 - Sci Rep
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/02
VL - 16
IS - 1
SP - 19017
SN - 2045-2322
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-50791-w
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50791-w
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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