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Sensitive detection of <i>in vivo</i> traumatic brain injury foci using magnetic particle imaging.

Overview

Authors: Hayden J Good1, Mohammad Tabatabaei2, Eiko Alzamora2, Neel Eswaran3, Sk Rajab Ali1,2, Ambar C Velazquez-Albino1, Zachary D Simon4, Marcelo Febo4, Lakiesha N Williams2, Carlos M Rinaldi-Ramos1,2
ORCID iDs: Hayden J Good, Ambar C Velazquez-Albino, Zachary D Simon, Carlos M Rinaldi-Ramos
  1. Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, 1075 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
  2. J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
  3. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 1149 S Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
  4. Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 S. Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
Institutions: University of Florida (United States)
Journal: Nanoscale
Dates: received 24 June 2026; accepted 15 September 2026; published online 24 September 2026; in print October 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1039/d6nr02497a · PMID 42961301 · PMCID PMC13721992 · OpenAlex W7214198244
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: data only (how the code is found and verified)
Categories: mouse (organism), traumatic brain injury (population), clinical / translational (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, fMRI & imaging, Physiology & signal measures
Topic: Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles (Biomedical Engineering, Engineering), according to OpenAlex
Funding: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS125089)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 60 references in the paper

Abstract

Diagnosing traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major clinical challenge, particularly for mild to moderate cases, due to the limited sensitivity of conventional imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in detecting subtle cerebrovascular damage early after injury occurs. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a novel modality that offers high sensitivity, linear quantification, and unambiguous detection of superparamagnetic tracers such as iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). This study evaluates the capacity of MPI to detect and visualize cerebral bleeding resulting from TBI. A controlled cortical impact (CCI) closed-head TBI model was implemented using a calibrated electromagnetic impactor to induce moderate brain injury in C57BL/6 mice. IONPs were administered intravenously after impact, to mimic potential clinical use. CT-registered MPI images revealed strong, localized signals in the impact region of injured animals at early time points, while sham animals showed no residual signal in the brain. This localized signal decayed over time and eventually approached noise levels after 7 days post-injury. A direct comparison between MPI and -weighted MRI demonstrated that only MPI reliably differentiates the early injury foci at 24 hours. These results highlight the sensitivity and specificity of MPI as a potential diagnostic tool for detecting vascular disruption in TBI, offering a promising minimally invasive approach for early injury assessment. Additionally, these results demonstrate nanoparticle accumulation in sites of moderate TBI, highlighting potential theranostic applications of MPI to develop drug carriers suitable for treatment of TBI.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

The paper links to its data and to no code of its authors: see the Data section.

Tracing map

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Data

Datasets cited

Data availability

Data for this article are available at Dryad at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6t1g1jxdz.

Supplementary information (SI) is available. See DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d6nr02497a.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 31 October 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, dates, 10 authors, 1 funder, 55 references.

Cite

This paper

Good, H. J., Tabatabaei, M., Alzamora, E., Eswaran, N., Ali, S. R., Velazquez-Albino, A. C., Simon, Z. D., Febo, M., Williams, L. N., & Rinaldi-Ramos, C. M. (2026). Sensitive detection of <i>in vivo</i> traumatic brain injury foci using magnetic particle imaging. Nanoscale. https://doi.org/10.1039/d6nr02497a

BibTeX

@article{good2026sensitive,
author = {Good, Hayden J and Tabatabaei, Mohammad and Alzamora, Eiko and Eswaran, Neel and Ali, Sk Rajab and Velazquez-Albino, Ambar C and Simon, Zachary D and Febo, Marcelo and Williams, Lakiesha N and Rinaldi-Ramos, Carlos M},
title = {{Sensitive detection of \<i\>in vivo\</i\> traumatic brain injury foci using magnetic particle imaging}},
journal = {Nanoscale},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
issn = {2040-3364},
doi = {10.1039/d6nr02497a},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1039/d6nr02497a},
pmid = {42961301},
pmcid = {PMC13721992}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Good, Hayden J
AU - Tabatabaei, Mohammad
AU - Alzamora, Eiko
AU - Eswaran, Neel
AU - Ali, Sk Rajab
AU - Velazquez-Albino, Ambar C
AU - Simon, Zachary D
AU - Febo, Marcelo
AU - Williams, Lakiesha N
AU - Rinaldi-Ramos, Carlos M
TI - Sensitive detection of <i>in vivo</i> traumatic brain injury foci using magnetic particle imaging
T2 - Nanoscale
J2 - Nanoscale
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
SN - 2040-3364
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
DO - 10.1039/d6nr02497a
UR - https://doi.org/10.1039/d6nr02497a
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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