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The colors of images preferred by individual voxels can be used to delineate functionally distinct visually responsive brain areas.

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Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 66 lines · 2.5 KB · no license

  1. %% This is to check the chromatic statistics of the two image sets for adaptation experiments.
  2. % Add folders 'Functions' and 'PNGS' to the path.
  3. % The folder with images is called PNGS. There are two folders with natural and reflected images.
  4. % Uncomment the path to either natural or reflected depending which one you want to plot.
  6. % The script plots 10% of random pixels (300000) from each image in the set.
  8. clear;
  9. cd ..
  10. % cd PNGS/Natural
  11. cd PNGS/Reflect
  12. %%
  13. % xlabel('L/(L+M)');
  14. % ylabel('S/(L+M)');
  15. countadd=0;
  16. rgbMatrices = cell(97, 1);
  17. for i=1:97
  19. if i<10
  20. firstim=double(imread(['00',mat2str(i),'.png']))./255;
  21. else
  22. firstim=double(imread(['0',mat2str(i),'.png']))./255;
  23. end
  25. %%
  26. cfs = SelectConeFundamentals('StockmanMacleodJohnson');
  27. wavelengths=380:1:780;
  28. uniqueblue=476;
  29. blueindex=97;
  30. uniqueyellow=576;
  31. yellowindex=197;
  32. LLM_yellow=cfs(yellowindex,1)/(cfs(yellowindex,1)+cfs(yellowindex,2));
  33. SLM_yellow=cfs(yellowindex,3)/(cfs(yellowindex,1)+cfs(yellowindex,2));
  34. LLM_blue=cfs(blueindex,1)/(cfs(blueindex,1)+cfs(blueindex,2));
  35. SLM_blue=cfs(blueindex,3)/(cfs(blueindex,1)+cfs(blueindex,2));
  36. whitePoint = [0.6913 1.0700]; % grand mean chromaticity of the original and the reflected image sets; checked for 'DC13102022' calibration; last checked 08.02.23
  37. scalingfactor = 2.8*0.01606; % S-cone scaling from arc_config_sussex.
  38. [rgb, wavelengths]=SelectRGBs('DC13102022');
  39. [RGB2LMS,LMS2RGB]=RGBToLMS(cfs,rgb,0);
  40. gammas=SetGammas('DC13102022');
  42. firstim_gammas(:,:,1)=firstim(:,:,1).^gammas(1,1);
  43. firstim_gammas(:,:,2)=firstim(:,:,2).^gammas(1,2);
  44. firstim_gammas(:,:,3)=firstim(:,:,3).^gammas(1,3);
  45. [LMSmatrix, LLMmatrix, SLMmatrix, LANDMmatrix]=ImageRGBToLMS(RGB2LMS,firstim_gammas);
  46. N=3000000;
  47. randomindices=randperm(N);
  48. LLMmatrix2=LLMmatrix(:);
  49. SLMmatrix2=SLMmatrix(:);
  50. LANDMmatrix2=LANDMmatrix(:);
  51. LLMmatrixComp(:,:,i)=LLMmatrix2(randomindices(1:300000));
  52. SLMmatrixComp(:,:,i)=SLMmatrix2(randomindices(1:300000));
  53. LANDMmatrixComp(:,:,i)=LANDMmatrix2(randomindices(1:300000));
  55. end
  56. powernorm=0.4;% 0.4 to plot the image set chromaticities; 0.0 to get MacB spaces
  57. % PlotMacBHistogram(LLMmatrixComp(:), SLMmatrixComp(:), LANDMmatrixComp(:),LMS2RGB,powernorm);
  58. PlotMacBHistogram(LLMmatrixComp(:),SLMmatrixComp(:),LANDMmatrixComp(:).*0.5,LMS2RGB,powernorm); % This is for plotting MacB space.
  59. %% Uncomment this line if you want to save the figure
  60. % exportgraphics(gcf,'MacBsmallFont.pdf','ContentType','vector','BackgroundColor','none')

BW_Histogram_check_pixel_hues_in_images.m, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Ian M L Pennock1, Chris Racey1, Kendrick Kay2, Anna Franklin1, Jenny M Bosten1
ORCID iDs: Ian M L Pennock, Chris Racey, Kendrick Kay, Anna Franklin, Jenny M Bosten
  1. School of Psychology, Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
  2. Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
Institutions: University of Sussex (United Kingdom); University of Minnesota (United States)
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 123, issue 15, article e2535986123
Dates: received 10 December 2025; accepted 9 March 2026; published online 7 April 2026; in print 14 April 2026
Type: Brief report · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1073/pnas.2535986123 · PMID 41945442 · PMCID PMC13080022 · OpenAlex W7151579366
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: fMRI (modality), human (organism), methods / tools (subfield)
Keywords: natural scenes, natural scenes dataset, fMRI, functional mapping, color
MeSH: Brain*, Brain Mapping*, Color Perception*, Visual Cortex*, Color, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Photic Stimulation (* major topic)
Topic: Face Recognition and Perception (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: European Research Council (772193, COLOURCODE 949242, COLOURMIND 772193, 949242)
Citations: cited by 2 papers (Europe PMC); 15 references in the paper
Notices: A comment on this paper has been published (42081735, from Europe PMC)

Abstract

We exploited co-occurrences between color and other properties of natural scenes to identify and visualize functionally distinct brain regions. For each voxel in the Natural Scenes Dataset (NSD), we computed a scaled response-weighted average of the stimulus images. The colors of “voxel-preferred images” (VPIs) reflect stimulus properties that covary with color in natural scenes: Color serves as a tag for functional distinctions in voxel responses. Mapping VPIs onto cortical surfaces revealed reliable and structured color patterns that segment voxel clusters. Boundaries between clusters of similarly colored VPIs tend to coincide with boundaries defined using other methods, and heterogeneity within regions suggests functional subdivisions. VPIs provide a simple data-driven method for analyzing fMRI responses to natural scenes and visualizing cortical organization.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

OSF v5wxn

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 29 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Languages: MATLAB (17)
Size: 61 files, 17 scripts
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: the references
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (3 files), Deep Learning Toolbox (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
18 files
At the source: osf.io/v5wxn/

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 18 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data, Materials, and Software Availability

The NSD is at https://naturalscenesdataset.org (14). Scripts to reproduce all results, with versions of Figs. 1 C–G and I and 2A for all participants are at https://osf.io/v5wxn/ (15).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 29 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 5 keywords, 8 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 13 references, 1 integrity notice.

Cite

This paper

Pennock, I. M. L., Racey, C., Kay, K., Franklin, A., & Bosten, J. M. (2026). The colors of images preferred by individual voxels can be used to delineate functionally distinct visually responsive brain areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 123(15), e2535986123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2535986123

BibTeX

@article{pennock2026colors,
author = {Pennock, Ian M L and Racey, Chris and Kay, Kendrick and Franklin, Anna and Bosten, Jenny M},
title = {{The colors of images preferred by individual voxels can be used to delineate functionally distinct visually responsive brain areas}},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {123},
number = {15},
pages = {e2535986123},
publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
issn = {0027-8424},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2535986123},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2535986123},
pmid = {41945442},
pmcid = {PMC13080022}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Pennock, Ian M L
AU - Racey, Chris
AU - Kay, Kendrick
AU - Franklin, Anna
AU - Bosten, Jenny M
TI - The colors of images preferred by individual voxels can be used to delineate functionally distinct visually responsive brain areas
T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/07
VL - 123
IS - 15
SP - e2535986123
SN - 0027-8424
PB - National Academy of Sciences
DO - 10.1073/pnas.2535986123
UR - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2535986123
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"type": "article-journal",
"title": "The colors of images preferred by individual voxels can be used to delineate functionally distinct visually responsive brain areas",
"container-title": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
"author": [
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"container-title-short": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A",
"volume": "123",
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"DOI": "10.1073/pnas.2535986123",
"PMID": "41945442",
"PMCID": "PMC13080022",
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The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.

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