Temporally structured motor and auditory representations in covert syllable production.

Code ↔ Paper

14 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 14 matches

[1] § Materials and Methods › Decoding in Source Space. ↔ scripts/extract_vals_ROIs.py, lines 124–140 · score 0.86 · dorsal motor, pSTG, pSTS, aparc_sub, ventral motor, pars
[2] § Results › Motor and Auditory Representations During Inner Speaking. ↔ scripts/extract_vals_ROIs.py, lines 124–140 · score 0.79 · aSTG, dorsal motor, pSTG, pSTS, ventral motor, SMG
[3] § Results › Motor and Auditory Representations During Inner Speaking. ↔ scripts/Fig3GH.py, lines 33–40 · score 0.75 · p.Tri, aSTG, pSTG, pSTS, INS, op
[4] § Materials and Methods › Decoding in Source Space. ↔ scripts/Source_space_decoding.py, lines 400–460 · score 0.71 · logistic regression, cross validation, source space, solver, stratified, classifier
[5] § Materials and Methods › Cosine Similarity Analysis. ↔ scripts/Fig1E_cosine_similarity.py, lines 295–386 · score 0.70 · sided sign flip, cosine, template, separability, topographies, diagonal
[6] § Materials and Methods › Temporal Generalization. ↔ scripts/Source_space_decoding.py, lines 400–460 · score 0.68 · logistic regression, cross validation, folds, solver, stratified, class
[7] § Materials and Methods › Decoding in Source Space. ↔ scripts/Fig3C.py, lines 22–24 · score 0.66 · pSTG, pSTS, ventral motor, vMC, ROI, Figure 3
[8] § Results › A Sequence of Neural Processes Underlies Inner Speaking. ↔ scripts/Fig1E_cosine_similarity.py, lines 529–588 · score 0.66 · hybrid matrix, upper triangle, lower triangle, cosine, topographies, permutation
[9] § Results › A Sequence of Neural Processes Underlies Inner Speaking. ↔ scripts/Fig1F_decoding_source_cluster_peaks_Covert.py, lines 32–41 · score 0.57 · 356–433 ms, 356 ms, covert, peak, decoded, Figure 1
[10] § Results › Passive Viewing vs. Covert Speech: Shared and Distinct Neural Processes. ↔ scripts/Fig1F_decoding_source_cluster_peaks_Covert.py, lines 32–41 · score 0.57 · 356–433 ms, 356 ms, Covert, peak, decoding, Figure 1
[11] § Results › Passive Viewing vs. Covert Speech: Shared and Distinct Neural Processes. ↔ scripts/Fig1D_evokeds.py, lines 59–77 · score 0.56 · 356–433 ms, 356 ms, Covert, peak, Figure 1
[12] § Results › A Sequence of Neural Processes Underlies Inner Speaking. ↔ scripts/Fig1D_evokeds.py, lines 59–77 · score 0.56 · 356–433 ms, 356 ms, peak, covert, Figure 1
[13] § Materials and Methods › Temporal Generalization. ↔ scripts/Sensor_space_decoding.py, lines 90–98 · score 0.53 · logistic regression, lbfgs, solver, classifier, decoding
[14] § Results › Passive Viewing vs. Covert Speech: Shared and Distinct Neural Processes. ↔ scripts/Sensor_space_decoding.py, lines 291–350 · score 0.51 · space decoding, cross validation, ROC AUC, shuffled, stratified, diagonal

Paper

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The authors' code

Python · 853 lines · 25 KB · no license · 2 matches

from pathlib import Path
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import mne
from mne import compute_source_morph
from mne.stats import permutation_cluster_1samp_test
from scipy import stats
# ============================================================
# DATASET SELECTION
# ============================================================
# Options:
# "consonants"
# "vowels"
dataset_name = "vowels"
# ============================================================
# DATASET-SPECIFIC SETTINGS
# ============================================================
dataset_configs = {
"consonants": {
"mri_path": Path(
"/.../mri_consonants" # <-- specify path to mri_consonants folder
),
"data_file": Path(
"/.../result_Covert.npy" # <-- specify path to result_Covert.py
),
"out_dir": Path(
"/.../" # <-- specify output folder
),
"subject_codes": [
"S01", "S02", "S03", "S04", "S05", "S06", "S07", "S08", "S09", "S10", "S11",
"S12", "S13", "S14", "S15", "S16", "S17", "S18", "S19", "S20", "S21", "S22"
],
"peaks_interest": [3, 4],
"condition_label": "Covert",
"contrast_labels": ["pa_vs_ta", "pa_vs_ka", "ta_vs_ka"],
},
"vowels": {
"mri_path": Path(
"/.../mri_vowels" # <-- specify path to mri_vowels folder
),
"data_file": Path(
"/.../result_tatuti_Covert.npy" # <-- specify path to result_tatuti_Covert.py
),
"out_dir": Path(
"/.../" # <-- specify output folder
),
"subject_codes": [
"S01", "S02", "S03", "S04", "S05", "S06", "S07", "S08", "S09"
],
# Zero-indexed peak indices.
"peaks_interest": [1, 2],
"condition_label": "tatuti_Covert",
"contrast_labels": ["ta_vs_tu", "ta_vs_ti", "tu_vs_ti"],
},
}
if dataset_name not in dataset_configs:
raise ValueError(
f"dataset_name must be one of {list(dataset_configs.keys())}, "
f"but got {dataset_name}"
)
cfg = dataset_configs[dataset_name]
mri_path = cfg["mri_path"]
data_file = cfg["data_file"]
out_dir = cfg["out_dir"]
subject_codes = cfg["subject_codes"]
peaks_interest = cfg["peaks_interest"]
condition_label = cfg["condition_label"]
original_contrast_labels = cfg["contrast_labels"]
out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
mne.set_config("SUBJECTS_DIR", str(mri_path), set_env=True)
# ============================================================
# GENERAL SETTINGS
# ============================================================
# Dataset shape expected:
# subjects x peaks x contrasts x sources
expected_n_sources = 5124
# Set to True to average across contrasts before statistics/extraction.
# Set to False to compute everything separately for each contrast.
average_across_contrasts = False
# Source-space settings
subject_spacing = "ico4"
fsaverage_stats_spacing = "ico6"
# Statistics
chance_level = 0.5
p_threshold = 0.05
cluster_pval_thresh = 0.05
n_permutations = 1000
cluster_seed = 23
n_jobs = 5
# Hemisphere / parcellation
hemi = "lh"
annotation = "aparc_sub"
# Optional ROI visualization.
# Keep False during extraction. If True, use fresh fsaverage labels for plotting.
plot_rois = False
# ============================================================
# ROI DEFINITIONS
# ============================================================
# These are label indices in fsaverage aparc_sub, left hemisphere.
aparc_dict = {
"pSTS": [0, 1, 2],
"insula": np.arange(42, 49),
"pars triang": [104, 105, 106],
"pars operc": [98, 99, 100, 101],
"ventral SS": np.arange(111, 116),
"dorsal SS": np.arange(116, 124),
"ventral motor": np.arange(129, 136),
"dorsal motor": np.arange(136, 144),
"pSTG": [201, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208],
"aSTG": [202, 203, 209, 210, 211],
"SMG": np.arange(212, 222),
"Aud": [223, 224],
}
roi_names = list(aparc_dict.keys())
# ============================================================
# LOAD SOURCE DECODING DATA
# ============================================================
if not data_file.exists():
raise FileNotFoundError(f"Could not find data file: {data_file}")
print("=" * 80)
print(f"Dataset: {dataset_name}")
print(f"MRI path: {mri_path}")
print(f"Data file: {data_file}")
print(f"Output directory: {out_dir}")
print(f"Average across contrasts: {average_across_contrasts}")
all_scores = np.load(data_file)
print(f"\nLoaded data shape: {all_scores.shape}")
if all_scores.ndim != 4:
raise ValueError(
f"Expected 4D array with shape "
f"(subjects, peaks, contrasts, sources), got {all_scores.shape}"
)
if all_scores.shape[0] != len(subject_codes):
raise ValueError(
f"Subject mismatch: data has {all_scores.shape[0]} subjects, "
f"but subject_codes has {len(subject_codes)} entries."
)
if all_scores.shape[-1] != expected_n_sources:
raise ValueError(
f"Source mismatch: expected {expected_n_sources} sources, "
f"but data has {all_scores.shape[-1]} sources."
)
if max(peaks_interest) >= all_scores.shape[1]:
raise ValueError(
f"peaks_interest includes index {max(peaks_interest)}, "
f"but data only has {all_scores.shape[1]} peaks."
)
n_original_contrasts = all_scores.shape[2]
if len(original_contrast_labels) != n_original_contrasts:
original_contrast_labels = [
f"contrast_{i}" for i in range(n_original_contrasts)
]
if average_across_contrasts:
# Shape: subjects x peaks x 1 x sources
all_scores_for_analysis = all_scores.mean(axis=2, keepdims=True)
contrast_labels = ["mean_across_contrasts"]
else:
# Shape: subjects x peaks x contrasts x sources
all_scores_for_analysis = all_scores.copy()
contrast_labels = original_contrast_labels
n_contrasts_for_analysis = all_scores_for_analysis.shape[2]
print(f"Data used for analysis: {all_scores_for_analysis.shape}")
print(f"Contrast labels: {contrast_labels}")
print(f"Peaks of interest: {peaks_interest}")
# ============================================================
# SET UP FSAVERAGE SOURCE SPACES
# ============================================================
print("\nSetting up fsaverage source spaces...")
src_fsaverage_ico4 = mne.setup_source_space(
subject="fsaverage",
spacing="ico4",
subjects_dir=mri_path,
add_dist=False,
verbose="error",
)
src_fsaverage_ico6 = mne.setup_source_space(
subject="fsaverage",
spacing="ico6",
subjects_dir=mri_path,
add_dist=False,
verbose="error",
)
n_sources_hemi = len(src_fsaverage_ico6[0]["vertno"])
n_sources_fsaverage_ico6 = (
len(src_fsaverage_ico6[0]["vertno"]) +
len(src_fsaverage_ico6[1]["vertno"])
)
print(f"fsaverage ico6 sources per hemisphere: {n_sources_hemi}")
print(f"fsaverage ico6 total sources: {n_sources_fsaverage_ico6}")
adjacency_lh = mne.spatial_src_adjacency(
src_fsaverage_ico6[:1],
dist=None,
verbose=None,
)
# ============================================================
# READ LABELS FOR UNKNOWN/NONCORTICAL MASKING
# ============================================================
print("\nReading fsaverage aparc_sub labels for unknown/noncortical masking...")
labels_lh_for_unknown = mne.read_labels_from_annot(
subject="fsaverage",
parc=annotation,
hemi="lh",
subjects_dir=mri_path,
)
labels_rh_for_unknown = mne.read_labels_from_annot(
subject="fsaverage",
parc=annotation,
hemi="rh",
subjects_dir=mri_path,
)
unknown_lh = [
label for label in labels_lh_for_unknown
if label.name == "unknown-lh"
]
unknown_rh = [
label for label in labels_rh_for_unknown
if label.name == "unknown-rh"
]
if len(unknown_lh) != 1:
raise RuntimeError(f"Expected one unknown-lh label, found {len(unknown_lh)}")
if len(unknown_rh) != 1:
raise RuntimeError(f"Expected one unknown-rh label, found {len(unknown_rh)}")
# ------------------------------------------------------------
# Deal with unknown/noncortical labels
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("\nMorphing unknown/noncortical labels to fsaverage6...")
noncortical_lh = unknown_lh[0].morph(
subject_from="fsaverage",
subject_to="fsaverage6",
smooth=0,
grade=None,
subjects_dir=mri_path,
n_jobs=n_jobs,
verbose=None,
)
noncortical_rh = unknown_rh[0].morph(
subject_from="fsaverage",
subject_to="fsaverage6",
smooth=0,
grade=None,
subjects_dir=mri_path,
n_jobs=n_jobs,
verbose=None,
)
to_remove_lh = noncortical_lh.vertices[
noncortical_lh.vertices < n_sources_hemi
]
to_remove_rh = noncortical_rh.vertices[
noncortical_rh.vertices < n_sources_hemi
]
to_remove_all = np.concatenate(
[
to_remove_lh,
to_remove_rh + n_sources_hemi,
]
)
print(f"Unknown/noncortical LH sources to remove: {len(to_remove_lh)}")
print(f"Unknown/noncortical RH sources to remove: {len(to_remove_rh)}")
# ============================================================
# READ FRESH LABELS FOR ROI EXTRACTION AND MORPH TO FSAVERAGE6
# ============================================================
print("\nRe-reading fsaverage LH aparc_sub labels for ROI extraction...")
labels_lh_for_extraction = mne.read_labels_from_annot(
subject="fsaverage",
parc=annotation,
hemi="lh",
subjects_dir=mri_path,
)
print("\nMorphing LH aparc_sub ROI labels to fsaverage6...")
for label in labels_lh_for_extraction:
label.morph(
subject_from="fsaverage",
subject_to="fsaverage6",
smooth=0,
grade=None,
subjects_dir=mri_path,
n_jobs=n_jobs,
verbose=None,
)
n_labels_lh = len(labels_lh_for_extraction)
print(f"Number of LH labels for extraction: {n_labels_lh}")
# ============================================================
# OPTIONAL ROI VISUALIZATION
# ============================================================
if plot_rois:
Brain = mne.viz.get_brain_class()
labels_lh_for_plotting = mne.read_labels_from_annot(
subject="fsaverage",
parc=annotation,
hemi="lh",
subjects_dir=mri_path,
)
brain = Brain(
"fsaverage",
"lh",
subjects_dir=mri_path,
cortex="low_contrast",
background="white",
size=(800, 600),
)
rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
for roi_name, label_indices in aparc_dict.items():
color = rng.random(3)
for label_idx in label_indices:
brain.add_label(
labels_lh_for_plotting[label_idx],
borders=False,
color=color,
)
# ============================================================
# PREALLOCATE OUTPUT ARRAYS
# ============================================================
n_subjects = len(subject_codes)
n_peaks_interest = len(peaks_interest)
n_rois = len(aparc_dict)
# Subject-level values per aparc_sub label.
# Shape: subjects x peaks_interest x contrasts x labels
all_data_labels = np.full(
(n_subjects, n_peaks_interest, n_contrasts_for_analysis, n_labels_lh),
np.nan,
dtype=float,
)
# Number of significant decoding sources per aparc_sub label.
# Shape: peaks_interest x contrasts x labels
num_dec_sources_label = np.zeros(
(n_peaks_interest, n_contrasts_for_analysis, n_labels_lh),
dtype=float,
)
# Percent significant sources per ROI.
# Shape: peaks_interest x contrasts x ROIs
final_results_percent = np.full(
(n_peaks_interest, n_contrasts_for_analysis, n_rois),
np.nan,
dtype=float,
)
# Mean decoding values per ROI.
# Shape: subjects x peaks_interest x contrasts x ROIs
value_results = np.full(
(n_subjects, n_peaks_interest, n_contrasts_for_analysis, n_rois),
np.nan,
dtype=float,
)
# ============================================================
# CLUSTER-BASED SOURCE STATISTICS AND LABEL EXTRACTION
# ============================================================
t_threshold = -stats.distributions.t.ppf(
p_threshold / 2.0,
n_subjects - 1,
)
print("\nCluster-forming t-threshold:")
print(f" p_threshold = {p_threshold}")
print(f" t_threshold = {t_threshold:.4f}")
for peak_out_idx, peak_idx in enumerate(peaks_interest):
for contrast_out_idx, contrast_label in enumerate(contrast_labels):
print("\n" + "=" * 80)
print(
f"Processing peak index {peak_idx} "
f"({peak_out_idx + 1}/{n_peaks_interest}) | "
f"{contrast_label}"
)
all_sts_data = []
# ----------------------------------------------------
# Morph each subject's ico4 source data to fsaverage ico6
# ----------------------------------------------------
for subject_idx, subject_code in enumerate(subject_codes):
print(
f" Morphing subject {subject_idx + 1}/{n_subjects}: "
f"{subject_code}"
)
src_subject = mne.setup_source_space(
subject=subject_code,
spacing=subject_spacing,
subjects_dir=mri_path,
add_dist=False,
verbose="error",
)
subject_values = all_scores_for_analysis[
subject_idx,
peak_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
:
]
stc_subject = mne.SourceEstimate(
subject_values,
vertices=[
src_subject[0]["vertno"],
src_subject[1]["vertno"],
],
tmin=0,
tstep=1,
subject=subject_code,
verbose=None,
)
morph = compute_source_morph(
src_subject,
subject_from=subject_code,
subject_to="fsaverage",
spacing=6,
subjects_dir=mri_path,
verbose="error",
)
stc_fsaverage = morph.apply(stc_subject)
all_sts_data.append(stc_fsaverage.data)
all_sts_data = np.squeeze(np.asarray(all_sts_data, dtype=float))
print(f" Morphed data shape: {all_sts_data.shape}")
if all_sts_data.shape != (n_subjects, n_sources_fsaverage_ico6):
raise RuntimeError(
f"Unexpected morphed data shape: {all_sts_data.shape}. "
f"Expected {(n_subjects, n_sources_fsaverage_ico6)}"
)
# ----------------------------------------------------
# Remove unknown/noncortical sources by setting them to chance
# ----------------------------------------------------
all_sts_data_clean = all_sts_data.copy()
all_sts_data_clean[:, to_remove_all] = chance_level
# Data for statistics is centered on chance.
stc_fsaverage_allsubj_4stats = all_sts_data_clean - chance_level
# ----------------------------------------------------
# LH statistics
# ----------------------------------------------------
data_lh = stc_fsaverage_allsubj_4stats[:, :n_sources_hemi].copy()
# Avoid NaNs in permutation_cluster_1samp_test.
# Removed sources are set to 0, so they should not pass the positive threshold.
data_lh[:, to_remove_lh] = 0.0
print(" Running LH cluster test...")
t_obs_lh, clusters_lh, cluster_pv_lh, h0_lh = permutation_cluster_1samp_test(
data_lh,
n_permutations=n_permutations,
out_type="indices",
threshold=t_threshold,
adjacency=adjacency_lh,
tail=1,
seed=cluster_seed,
verbose=True,
)
good_cluster_inds_lh = np.where(cluster_pv_lh < cluster_pval_thresh)[0]
print(f" Significant LH clusters: {good_cluster_inds_lh}")
# ----------------------------------------------------
# Collect significant source indices
# ----------------------------------------------------
sig_sources_lh = []
for cluster_idx in good_cluster_inds_lh:
sig_sources_lh.append(clusters_lh[cluster_idx][0])
if len(sig_sources_lh) == 0:
print(" No significant LH sources for this peak/contrast.")
continue
sig_sources_lh = np.unique(np.concatenate(sig_sources_lh))
print(f" Number of significant LH source indices: {len(sig_sources_lh)}")
# ----------------------------------------------------
# Extract label-wise values
# ----------------------------------------------------
for label_idx, label in enumerate(labels_lh_for_extraction):
label_vertices = label.vertices
within_label_idx = np.intersect1d(
label_vertices,
sig_sources_lh,
)
n_intersect = len(within_label_idx)
num_dec_sources_label[
peak_out_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
label_idx,
] = n_intersect
if n_intersect > 0:
# Add chance level back because data_lh is centered on chance.
all_data_labels[
:,
peak_out_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
label_idx,
] = np.nanmean(
data_lh[:, within_label_idx] + chance_level,
axis=1,
)
print(
f" Label {label_idx:03d} | {label.name:35s} | "
f"n significant sources = {n_intersect}"
)
# ============================================================
# ROI-LEVEL PERCENT SIGNIFICANT SOURCES
# ============================================================
print("\n" + "=" * 80)
print("Computing ROI-level percent significant sources...")
for peak_out_idx, peak_idx in enumerate(peaks_interest):
for contrast_out_idx, contrast_label in enumerate(contrast_labels):
for roi_idx, roi_name in enumerate(roi_names):
label_indices = np.asarray(aparc_dict[roi_name], dtype=int)
label_percents = []
for label_idx in label_indices:
n_label_vertices = len(labels_lh_for_extraction[label_idx].vertices)
if n_label_vertices == 0:
continue
label_percent = (
num_dec_sources_label[
peak_out_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
label_idx,
] / n_label_vertices
)
label_percents.append(label_percent)
if len(label_percents) > 0:
# This matches the original script: mean of sublabel percentages.
final_results_percent[
peak_out_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
roi_idx,
] = np.nanmean(label_percents)
print(
f" Peak {peak_idx} | {contrast_label:22s} | {roi_name:15s} | "
f"percent = "
f"{final_results_percent[peak_out_idx, contrast_out_idx, roi_idx]:.4f}"
)
# ============================================================
# ROI-LEVEL DECODING VALUES
# ============================================================
print("\n" + "=" * 80)
print("Computing ROI-level decoding values...")
for peak_out_idx, peak_idx in enumerate(peaks_interest):
for contrast_out_idx, contrast_label in enumerate(contrast_labels):
for roi_idx, roi_name in enumerate(roi_names):
label_indices = np.asarray(aparc_dict[roi_name], dtype=int)
value_results[
:,
peak_out_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
roi_idx,
] = np.nanmean(
all_data_labels[
:,
peak_out_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
label_indices,
],
axis=1,
)
print(
f" Peak {peak_idx} | {contrast_label:22s} | {roi_name:15s} | "
f"group mean value = "
f"{np.nanmean(value_results[:, peak_out_idx, contrast_out_idx, roi_idx]):.4f}"
)
# ============================================================
# SAVE OUTPUTS
# ============================================================
contrast_mode_label = (
"contrast_average"
if average_across_contrasts
else "contrast_separate"
)
base = f"roi_extraction_{dataset_name}_{condition_label}_{contrast_mode_label}"
np.save(out_dir / f"{base}_all_data_labels.npy", all_data_labels)
np.save(out_dir / f"{base}_num_dec_sources_label.npy", num_dec_sources_label)
np.save(out_dir / f"{base}_percent_sig_sources.npy", final_results_percent)
np.save(out_dir / f"{base}_roi_values.npy", value_results)
np.savez(
out_dir / f"{base}_all_outputs.npz",
all_data_labels=all_data_labels,
num_dec_sources_label=num_dec_sources_label,
roi_percent_sig_sources=final_results_percent,
roi_values=value_results,
peaks_interest=np.asarray(peaks_interest),
roi_names=np.asarray(roi_names, dtype=object),
subject_codes=np.asarray(subject_codes, dtype=object),
contrast_labels=np.asarray(contrast_labels, dtype=object),
dataset_name=dataset_name,
condition_label=condition_label,
average_across_contrasts=average_across_contrasts,
)
# ------------------------------------------------------------
# Save percent-significant sources, long format
# ------------------------------------------------------------
percent_rows = []
for peak_out_idx, peak_idx in enumerate(peaks_interest):
for contrast_out_idx, contrast_label in enumerate(contrast_labels):
for roi_idx, roi_name in enumerate(roi_names):
percent_rows.append(
{
"dataset": dataset_name,
"condition": condition_label,
"peak_index": peak_idx,
"contrast": contrast_label,
"roi": roi_name,
"percent_sig_sources": final_results_percent[
peak_out_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
roi_idx,
],
}
)
percent_long_df = pd.DataFrame(percent_rows)
percent_long_df.to_csv(
out_dir / f"{base}_percent_sig_sources_long.csv",
index=False,
)
# ------------------------------------------------------------
# Save group-mean ROI values, long format
# ------------------------------------------------------------
value_group_rows = []
value_group_mean = np.nanmean(value_results, axis=0)
# Shape: peaks x contrasts x ROIs
for peak_out_idx, peak_idx in enumerate(peaks_interest):
for contrast_out_idx, contrast_label in enumerate(contrast_labels):
for roi_idx, roi_name in enumerate(roi_names):
value_group_rows.append(
{
"dataset": dataset_name,
"condition": condition_label,
"peak_index": peak_idx,
"contrast": contrast_label,
"roi": roi_name,
"group_mean_value": value_group_mean[
peak_out_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
roi_idx,
],
}
)
value_group_df = pd.DataFrame(value_group_rows)
value_group_df.to_csv(
out_dir / f"{base}_roi_values_group_mean_long.csv",
index=False,
)
# ------------------------------------------------------------
# Save subject-level ROI values, long format
# ------------------------------------------------------------
rows = []
for subject_idx, subject_code in enumerate(subject_codes):
for peak_out_idx, peak_idx in enumerate(peaks_interest):
for contrast_out_idx, contrast_label in enumerate(contrast_labels):
for roi_idx, roi_name in enumerate(roi_names):
rows.append(
{
"dataset": dataset_name,
"condition": condition_label,
"subject": subject_code,
"peak_index": peak_idx,
"contrast": contrast_label,
"roi": roi_name,
"value": value_results[
subject_idx,
peak_out_idx,
contrast_out_idx,
roi_idx,
],
}
)
value_long_df = pd.DataFrame(rows)
value_long_df.to_csv(
out_dir / f"{base}_roi_values_subject_level_long.csv",
index=False,
)
# ============================================================
# SUMMARY
# ============================================================
print("\n" + "=" * 80)
print("Done.")
print("\nSaved outputs to:")
print(out_dir)
print("\nMain output arrays:")
print(f" all_data_labels: {all_data_labels.shape}")
print(f" num_dec_sources_label: {num_dec_sources_label.shape}")
print(f" roi_percent_sig_sources: {final_results_percent.shape}")
print(f" roi_values: {value_results.shape}")
print("\nContrast labels:")
for i, label in enumerate(contrast_labels):
print(f" {i}: {label}")

extract_vals_ROIs.py, no license · at the source

OverviewAuthors: Joan Orpella1,2, Francesco Mantegna2,3, Chantal Oderbolz1, M Florencia Assaneo4, David Poeppel2,5
ORCID iDs: Joan Orpella, Francesco Mantegna, Chantal Oderbolz
Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
Center for Language, Music and Emotion, New York University, New York, NY 10003
Institutions: Georgetown University Medical Center (United States); New York University (United States); University of Oxford (United Kingdom); Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico)
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 123, issue 37, article e2536563123
Dates: received 16 December 2025; accepted 27 July 2026; published online 31 August 2026; in print 15 September 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC-ND
Identifiers: DOI 10.1073/pnas.2536563123 · PMID 42673473 · PMCID PMC13578806 · OpenAlex W7168277495
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Preprint: osf.io/3vmek
Status: code verified
Categories: MEG (modality), human (organism), cognitive (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Preprocessing, Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Machine learning, Evoked potentials, Source localization, fMRI & imaging, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: speech production, inner speech, magnetoencephalography, decoding, covert speech
MeSH: Auditory Cortex*, Motor Cortex*, Speech*, Speech Perception*, Adult, Female, Humans, Magnetoencephalography, Male, Phonetics, Young Adult (* major topic)
Topic: Neuroscience and Music Perception (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: NSF (2043717); NIDCD NIH HHS (R01 DC005660, 2R01DC05660)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 69 references in the paper
AbstractThe abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 14 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

OSF 3vmek

License: none: the authors keep all their rights

State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026

Evidence: files inventoried

Languages: Python (14)

Size: 104 files, 14 scripts

Software Heritage: not checked

Found in: “Data, Materials, and Software Availability”

Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation

Tools: Matplotlib (13 files), NumPy (13 files), MNE-Python (9 files), SciPy (7 files), pandas (3 files), scikit-learn (3 files), statsmodels (1 file)

Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)

27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)

14 files

scripts/Fig1BC_Fig2AB_TG_diags_sylls.py, Python, 883 lines
scripts/Fig1D_evokeds.py, Python, 439 lines, 2 matches
scripts/Fig1E_cosine_similarity.py, Python, 930 lines, 2 matches
scripts/Fig1F_decoding_source_cluster_peaks_Covert.py, Python, 617 lines, 2 matches
scripts/Fig2C_decoding_source_cluster_peaks_Passive.py, Python, 609 lines
scripts/Fig2D_crosscondition_decoding.py, Python, 610 lines
scripts/Fig2E_TG_conditions.py, Python, 208 lines
scripts/Fig3C.py, Python, 321 lines, 1 match
scripts/Fig3E_make_canonical_vowels.py, Python, 65 lines
scripts/Fig3F.py, Python, 210 lines
scripts/Fig3GH.py, Python, 244 lines, 1 match
scripts/Sensor_space_decoding.py, Python, 487 lines, 2 matches
scripts/Source_space_decoding.py, Python, 561 lines, 2 matches
scripts/extract_vals_ROIs.py, Python, 853 lines, 2 matches

At the source: doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3VMEK

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
14 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
14 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

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Data

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Code and data availability statement

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it points to the authors' code: OSF 3vmek

Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2536563123.

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 5 authors, 5 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 2 funders, 58 references.

Cite

This paper

Orpella, J., Mantegna, F., Oderbolz, C., Assaneo, M. F., & Poeppel, D. (2026). Temporally structured motor and auditory representations in covert syllable production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 123(37), e2536563123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2536563123

BibTeX

@article{orpella2026temporally, author = {Orpella, Joan and Mantegna, Francesco and Oderbolz, Chantal and Assaneo, M Florencia and Poeppel, David}, title = {{Temporally structured motor and auditory representations in covert syllable production}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, year = {2026}, month = aug, volume = {123}, number = {37}, pages = {e2536563123}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2536563123}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2536563123}, pmid = {42673473}, pmcid = {PMC13578806} }

RIS

TY - JOUR AU - Orpella, Joan AU - Mantegna, Francesco AU - Oderbolz, Chantal AU - Assaneo, M Florencia AU - Poeppel, David TI - Temporally structured motor and auditory representations in covert syllable production T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A PY - 2026 DA - 2026/08/31 VL - 123 IS - 37 SP - e2536563123 SN - 0027-8424 PB - National Academy of Sciences DO - 10.1073/pnas.2536563123 UR - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2536563123 LA - en ER -

CSL-JSON

{ "id": "10.1073/pnas.2536563123", "type": "article-journal", "title": "Temporally structured motor and auditory representations in covert syllable production", "container-title": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "author": [ { "family": "Orpella", "given": "Joan" }, { "family": "Mantegna", "given": "Francesco" }, { "family": "Oderbolz", "given": "Chantal" }, { "family": "Assaneo", "given": "M Florencia" }, { "family": "Poeppel", "given": "David" } ], "container-title-short": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A", "volume": "123", "issue": "37", "page": "e2536563123", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.2536563123", "PMID": "42673473", "PMCID": "PMC13578806", "ISSN": "0027-8424", "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences", "URL": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2536563123", "language": "en", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 8, 31 ] ] } }

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Temporally structured motor and auditory representations in covert syllable production.

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Abstract