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Preserved intrinsic neural timescale organization with hierarchical variation in autism spectrum disorder.

Code ↔ Paper

5 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 5 matches · 2 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: weak matches, whose lines are not tinted
  1. [1] § Materials and methods › Statistical analyses › Structure–function correspondence analysis ↔ make_surface_spin_idx.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.83 · spherical surface, spin permutations, parcel centroids, hemisphere, nearest, reassigned
  2. [2] § Results › Individual deviations from the timescale hierarchy link sensory traits to cortical temporal dynamics ↔ calc_individual_deviations.m, lines 140–168 · score 0.80 · Sensation Seeking, Sensation Avoiding, AASP subscale, Sensory Sensitivity, PCA, variance
  3. [3] § Materials and methods › Statistical analyses › Structure–function correspondence analysis ↔ parcel_centroids_on_sphere.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.70 · parcel centroids, spherical surface, spin permutations, cortical
  4. [4] § Results › Individual deviations from the timescale hierarchy link sensory traits to cortical temporal dynamics ↔ calc_individual_deviations.m, lines 140–168 · score 0.69 · sensation seeking, sensation avoiding, sensory sensitivity, principal component, Individual deviations, PC
  5. [5] § Materials and methods › Statistical analyses › Quantification of individual deviations relative to the canonical hierarchical ordering of INTs ↔ calc_individual_deviations.m, lines 101–139 · score 0.61 · global offset, residual deviations, hierarchical scaling, template, TDC

Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 299 lines · 8.7 KB · no license · 3 matches

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It can be read at the source: calc_individual_deviations.m.

Overview

Authors: Yumi Shikauchi1, Ryuta Aoki1,2,3, Takashi Itahashi1, Masaaki Shimizu4, Taiga Naoe1, Tsukasa Okimura1, Haruhisa Ohta1, Ryu-ichiro Hashimoto1,3, Motoaki Nakamura1
ORCID iDs: Yumi Shikauchi, Takashi Itahashi
  1. Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa Medical University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan
  2. Graduate School of Medicine, Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
  3. Department of Language Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
  4. Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
Institutions: SHOWA Medical University (Japan); Kyoto University (Japan); Tokyo Metropolitan University (Japan); Institute of Science Tokyo (Japan)
Journal: Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), volume 36, issue 9, article bhag121
Dates: received 17 March 2026; accepted 14 July 2026; published online 7 September 2026; in print September 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1093/cercor/bhag121 · PMID 42704258 · PMCID PMC13548320 · OpenAlex W7132847771
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Preprint: doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708484
Status: code verified
Categories: human (organism), autism (population), developmental (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Connectivity, Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, inter-individual variability, intrinsic neural timescale, sensory processing, temporal hierarchy
MeSH: Autism Spectrum Disorder*, Brain*, Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Young Adult (* major topic)
Topic: Functional Brain Connectivity Studies (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP21dm0307001, JP21dm0307105, JP18dm0307008, JP24wm0625402, JP25wm0625502); Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JPMJMS2292); JSPS KAKENHI (JP26K10270)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 54 references in the paper

Abstract

Intrinsic neural timescales (INTs) index the temporal decay of neural activity and form a hierarchy from fast sensorimotor to slow transmodal regions. Although altered INTs have been reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it remains unclear whether this hierarchical organization is preserved and how individual variability along it relates to sensory traits. Using resting-state fMRI from 182 participants (67 ASD, 115 typically developed controls [TDC]), we estimated INTs from the autocorrelation half-life and averaged them across four runs. The cortical INT hierarchy was preserved in ASD, with comparable sensorimotor-to-transmodal organization across groups. Regions operating at longer timescales exhibited relative prolongation in ASD, with effect size increasing along the hierarchy. However, no statistically significant group differences were identified at any spatial resolution examined. To characterize individual INT profiles relative to a TDC-derived template, we decomposed each participant’s profile into global shift, hierarchical scaling, and residual deviation components. Global shifts and hierarchical scaling were associated with demographic variation (primarily sex) rather than diagnosis, whereas residual deviations showed a modest association with sensory traits characterized by reduced sensory registration. These findings indicate that large-scale temporal organization is largely preserved in ASD, while individual-specific deviations from this hierarchy may underlie variability in sensory experience.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 5 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

shikauchiy/int-hierarchy-analysis

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: f76b0d15ee3a321d8e79be1af2e68d585ffcf981, 15 June 2026
Languages: MATLAB (3)
Size: 4 files, 3 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data and code availability”
Holds: README
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (2 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers
  • 26 September 2026: the link answers
4 files, not copied: shown from their source

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At the source: github.com/shikauchiy/int-hierarchy-analysis

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 3 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 5 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data and code availability

The imaging data analyzed in this study were obtained from the Brain/MINDS Beyond Human Brain MRI Project. Access to the dataset is available upon request through the Brain/MINDS Beyond data-sharing program at https://hbm.brainminds-beyond.jp/data.html.

To facilitate reproducibility of the analyses developed for the present study, the MATLAB code used for spin-based spatial null testing for sensory hierarchy analyses, template-based hierarchical modeling, estimation of individual deviation metrics, and statistical analyses is publicly available at https://github.com/shikauchiy/int-hierarchy-analysis.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 9 authors, 5 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 3 funders, 53 references.

Cite

This paper

Shikauchi, Y., Aoki, R., Itahashi, T., Shimizu, M., Naoe, T., Okimura, T., Ohta, H., Hashimoto, R.-i., & Nakamura, M. (2026). Preserved intrinsic neural timescale organization with hierarchical variation in autism spectrum disorder. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 36(9), bhag121. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhag121

BibTeX

@article{shikauchi2026preserved,
author = {Shikauchi, Yumi and Aoki, Ryuta and Itahashi, Takashi and Shimizu, Masaaki and Naoe, Taiga and Okimura, Tsukasa and Ohta, Haruhisa and Hashimoto, Ryu-ichiro and Nakamura, Motoaki},
title = {{Preserved intrinsic neural timescale organization with hierarchical variation in autism spectrum disorder}},
journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
volume = {36},
number = {9},
pages = {bhag121},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
issn = {1047-3211},
doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhag121},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhag121},
pmid = {42704258},
pmcid = {PMC13548320}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Shikauchi, Yumi
AU - Aoki, Ryuta
AU - Itahashi, Takashi
AU - Shimizu, Masaaki
AU - Naoe, Taiga
AU - Okimura, Tsukasa
AU - Ohta, Haruhisa
AU - Hashimoto, Ryu-ichiro
AU - Nakamura, Motoaki
TI - Preserved intrinsic neural timescale organization with hierarchical variation in autism spectrum disorder
T2 - Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
J2 - Cereb Cortex
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
VL - 36
IS - 9
SP - bhag121
SN - 1047-3211
PB - Oxford University Press
DO - 10.1093/cercor/bhag121
UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhag121
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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