State-of-the-Art Imaging and Localization Assessment in Post-Operative Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: A Review.
Overview
- Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neuroradiology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Abstract
Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD), dependent on precise electrode placement relative to intended anatomical and functional targets. Post-operative imaging, primarily magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), is essential for verifying lead position, assessing surgical accuracy, and guiding stimulation programming.
Summary: Most centers perform imaging within the first week after surgery, typically using CT or MRI-CT fusion to confirm electrode location and detect complications. CT offers submillimeter resolution (slice thickness 0.5–1.25 mm; voxel ∼0.5 mm) for clear electrode visualization, while MRI (particularly T1-MPRAGE, T2-FLAIR, and GRE sequences) provides superior anatomical contrast and artifact characterization.
Key Messages: Registration between pre- and post-operative scans remains the predominant localization technique, though automated pipelines such as Lead-DBS, Brainlab Elements™, SureTune4™ now achieve consistent precision within ±0.5–1.5 mm across platforms. This review summarizes current post-operative imaging strategies and quantitative localization techniques in DBS for PD. It discusses the advantages and limitations of each modality and outlines future directions in automation, multimodal integration, and personalized imaging pipelines for improving the accuracy, reproducibility, and clinical utility of post-operative DBS assessment.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY-NC), from the paper cited above.
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Data
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- figshare:32646915 — at figshare; found in DataCite
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Version 2, 28 September 2026
- Publisher: — → Karger Publishers
- Funding: added Institute for Infocomm Research
Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, pages, dates, 8 authors, 6 keywords, 84 references.
Cite
This paper
Susanto, K. T., Premchand, B., Wan, K. R., Yu, W.-Y., Oh, H. P., Chan, V. E. Y., Misbaah, F., & So, R. Q. (2026). State-of-the-Art Imaging and Localization Assessment in Post-Operative Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: A Review. Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, 1-13. https://
BibTeX
@article{susanto2026stat
author = {Susanto, Kezia Tanesha and Premchand, Brian and Wan, Kai Rui and Yu, Wai-Yung and Oh, Hui Ping and Chan, Vincent Ern Yao and Misbaah, Fatimah and So, Rosa Qiyue},
title = {{State-of-the-Art Imaging and Localization Assessment in Post-Operative Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: A Review}},
journal = {Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
pages = {1--13},
publisher = {Karger Publishers},
issn = {1011-6125},
doi = {10.1159/
url = {https://
pmid = {42275260},
pmcid = {PMC13412215}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Susanto, Kezia Tanesha
AU - Premchand, Brian
AU - Wan, Kai Rui
AU - Yu, Wai-Yung
AU - Oh, Hui Ping
AU - Chan, Vincent Ern Yao
AU - Misbaah, Fatimah
AU - So, Rosa Qiyue
TI - State-of-the-Art Imaging and Localization Assessment in Post-Operative Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: A Review
T2 - Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery
J2 - Stereotact Funct Neurosurg
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
SP - 1
EP - 13
SN - 1011-6125
PB - Karger Publishers
DO - 10.1159/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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