Hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C-bicarbonate production correlates with excitatory neuron distribution in the human brain.
The 3 matches
- [1] § Results › Gene set enrichment analysis of BP ratio maps reveals neuronal specificity ↔ SpinTestScripts/Schaefer100/GSEAplots_ratiosSchaefer100.py, lines 22–60 · score 0.62 · Ex3b, Ex3a, Ex5a, Ex5b, spatial autocorrelation, Ex2
- [2] § Results › Gene set enrichment analysis of BP ratio maps reveals neuronal specificity ↔ SpinTestScripts/Schaefer200/GSEAplots_ratiosSchaefer200.py, lines 22–60 · score 0.62 · Ex3b, Ex3a, Ex5a, Ex5b, spatial autocorrelation, Ex2
- [3] § Materials and Methods › Statistical analysis › Correlation analysis ↔ parametricNullDistributionScripts/Schaefer100/SpatialAutocorrelationGSEA.py, lines 23–36 · score 0.58 · brainSMASH, hemisphere, brain map, distance, spatial autocorrelation, parcellations
Paper
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The authors' code
Python · 192 lines · 8.5 KB · no license · 1 match
- from brainsmash.mapgen.base import Base
- from brainsmash.workbench.geo import cortex
- from brainsmash.workbench.geo import parcellate
- from brainsmash.mapgen.eval import base_fit
- from brainsmash.mapgen.stats import spearmanr, pairwise_r, pearsonr
- import numpy as np
- from scipy import stats
- from brainsmash.mapgen.stats import nonparp
- import pandas as pd
- import gseapy as gp
- from gseapy import barplot, dotplot
- import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
- import SpatialAutocorrelationGSEA
- import glob #For bash like path filenames
- # BICARB TO PYRUVATE RATIO -------------------------------
- files = sorted(glob.glob("nullDistSchaefer100ratios/NullDistSchaefer100_BP_nperm_1310*.csv"))
- arrays = [pd.read_csv(f) for f in files]
- ES_nullDistribution_temp = pd.concat(arrays,ignore_index=True).to_numpy()[:100000]
- print(ES_nullDistribution_temp.shape)
- celltypes = ('Ast','End','Ex1','Ex2','Ex3a','Ex3b','Ex3c','Ex3d','Ex3e','Ex4','Ex5a','Ex5b','Ex6a','Ex6b','Ex8','In1a','In1b',
- 'In1c','In2','In3','In4a','In4b','In6a','In6b','In7','In8','Mic','OPC','Oli','Per')
- ES_nullDistribution = pd.DataFrame(ES_nullDistribution_temp,columns = list(celltypes))
- lake_gmt = "geneset_LAKE.gmt"
- geneExpressionCSV = "Schaefer100_lh_expression.csv"
- brain_phenotype_file = "formatted_segstatsFilesSchaefer100/formatted_BP-Schaefer100.txt"
- BP_empiricalSpearman = SpatialAutocorrelationGSEA.empiricalSpearman(brain_phenotype_file,geneExpressionCSV)
- rnk = BP_empiricalSpearman.sort_values(by = 'EmpiricalSpearman',ascending = False)
- empiricalPrerank = gp.prerank(rnk = rnk,
- gene_sets = "geneset_LAKE.gmt",
- ascending = False)
- correctedPvalues_temp = []
- correctedPvalues = []
- for geneSetID in range(len(celltypes)):
- n = len(ES_nullDistribution)
- correctedPvalues_temp = np.sum(np.abs(ES_nullDistribution.iloc[:,geneSetID]) > abs(
- empiricalPrerank.res2d.sort_values(by = 'Term').reset_index().loc[geneSetID,'ES']))/n
- correctedPvalues.append(correctedPvalues_temp)
- geneSetTerm = empiricalPrerank.res2d.sort_values(by = 'Term').reset_index().loc[:,'Term']
- enrichmentScore = empiricalPrerank.res2d.sort_values(by = 'Term').reset_index().loc[:,'ES']
- df_correctedPvalues = pd.DataFrame(correctedPvalues)
- # FDR correction
- FDRCorrectedPvals = pd.Series(stats.false_discovery_control(df_correctedPvalues[0],method = 'BH'))
- df_correctedLabelledPvalues = pd.concat([geneSetTerm,enrichmentScore,df_correctedPvalues,FDRCorrectedPvals],ignore_index=True,axis=1)
- df_correctedLabelledPvalues = df_correctedLabelledPvalues.set_axis(['geneSetTerm','EmpiricalES','SA_CorrectedPval','FDRandSA_Corrected'],
- axis = 1)
- print(df_correctedLabelledPvalues)
- # BICARB TO PYRUVATE RATIO -------------------------------
- significantGenesets = [i for i, j in zip(df_correctedLabelledPvalues['geneSetTerm'],
- df_correctedLabelledPvalues['SA_CorrectedPval']) if j <0.05]
- print(significantGenesets)
- EP = empiricalPrerank.plot(terms = significantGenesets,
- figsize = (3,4))
- EP.savefig('OneMill_Schaefer100-BP_SA_0.05.pdf',format ='pdf',bbox_inches="tight")
- # LACTATE TO PYRUVATE RATIO ES plot -------------------------------
- files = sorted(glob.glob("nullDistSchaefer100ratios/NullDistSchaefer100_LP_nperm_1310*.csv"))
- arrays = [pd.read_csv(f) for f in files]
- ES_nullDistribution_temp = pd.concat(arrays,ignore_index=True).to_numpy()[:100000]
- print(ES_nullDistribution_temp.shape)
- celltypes = ('Ast','End','Ex1','Ex2','Ex3a','Ex3b','Ex3c','Ex3d','Ex3e','Ex4','Ex5a','Ex5b','Ex6a','Ex6b','Ex8','In1a','In1b',
- 'In1c','In2','In3','In4a','In4b','In6a','In6b','In7','In8','Mic','OPC','Oli','Per')
- ES_nullDistribution = pd.DataFrame(ES_nullDistribution_temp,columns = list(celltypes))
- lake_gmt = "geneset_LAKE.gmt"
- geneExpressionCSV = "Schaefer100_lh_expression.csv"
- brain_phenotype_file = "formatted_segstatsFilesSchaefer100/formatted_LP-Schaefer100.txt"
- LP_empiricalSpearman = SpatialAutocorrelationGSEA.empiricalSpearman(brain_phenotype_file,geneExpressionCSV)
- rnk = LP_empiricalSpearman.sort_values(by = 'EmpiricalSpearman',ascending = False)
- empiricalPrerank = gp.prerank(rnk = rnk,
- gene_sets = "geneset_LAKE.gmt",
- ascending = False)
- correctedPvalues_temp = []
- correctedPvalues = []
- for geneSetID in range(len(celltypes)):
- n = len(ES_nullDistribution)
- correctedPvalues_temp = np.sum(np.abs(ES_nullDistribution.iloc[:,geneSetID]) > abs(
- empiricalPrerank.res2d.sort_values(by = 'Term').reset_index().loc[geneSetID,'ES']))/n
- correctedPvalues.append(correctedPvalues_temp)
- geneSetTerm = empiricalPrerank.res2d.sort_values(by = 'Term').reset_index().loc[:,'Term']
- enrichmentScore = empiricalPrerank.res2d.sort_values(by = 'Term').reset_index().loc[:,'ES']
- df_correctedPvalues = pd.DataFrame(correctedPvalues)
- # FDR correction
- FDRCorrectedPvals = pd.Series(stats.false_discovery_control(df_correctedPvalues[0],method = 'BH'))
- df_correctedLabelledPvalues = pd.concat([geneSetTerm,enrichmentScore,df_correctedPvalues,FDRCorrectedPvals],ignore_index=True,axis=1)
- df_correctedLabelledPvalues = df_correctedLabelledPvalues.set_axis(['geneSetTerm','EmpiricalES','SA_CorrectedPval','FDRandSA_Corrected'],
- axis = 1)
- print(df_correctedLabelledPvalues)
- # LACTATE TO PYRUVATE RATIO ES plot -------------------------------
- significantGenesets = [i for i, j in zip(df_correctedLabelledPvalues['geneSetTerm'],
- df_correctedLabelledPvalues['FDRandSA_Corrected']) if j <0.25]
- terms = empiricalPrerank.res2d.Term
- EP = empiricalPrerank.plot(terms = significantGenesets,
- figsize = (3,4))
- EP.savefig('OneMill_Schaefer100-LP_fdr0.25.pdf',format ='pdf',bbox_inches="tight")
- # LACTATE TO BICARBONATE RATIO ES plot -------------------------------
- files = sorted(glob.glob("nullDistSchaefer100ratios/NullDistSchaefer100_LB_nperm_1310*.csv"))
- arrays = [pd.read_csv(f) for f in files]
- ES_nullDistribution_temp = pd.concat(arrays,ignore_index=True).to_numpy()[:100000]
- print(ES_nullDistribution_temp.shape)
- celltypes = ('Ast','End','Ex1','Ex2','Ex3a','Ex3b','Ex3c','Ex3d','Ex3e','Ex4','Ex5a','Ex5b','Ex6a','Ex6b','Ex8','In1a','In1b',
- 'In1c','In2','In3','In4a','In4b','In6a','In6b','In7','In8','Mic','OPC','Oli','Per')
- ES_nullDistribution = pd.DataFrame(ES_nullDistribution_temp,columns = list(celltypes))
- lake_gmt = "geneset_LAKE.gmt"
- geneExpressionCSV = "Schaefer100_lh_expression.csv"
- brain_phenotype_file = "formatted_segstatsFilesSchaefer100/formatted_LB-Schaefer100.txt"
- LB_empiricalSpearman = SpatialAutocorrelationGSEA.empiricalSpearman(brain_phenotype_file,geneExpressionCSV)
- rnk = LB_empiricalSpearman.sort_values(by = 'EmpiricalSpearman',ascending = False)
- empiricalPrerank = gp.prerank(rnk = rnk,
- gene_sets = "geneset_LAKE.gmt",
- ascending = False)
- correctedPvalues_temp = []
- correctedPvalues = []
- for geneSetID in range(len(celltypes)):
- n = len(ES_nullDistribution)
- correctedPvalues_temp = np.sum(np.abs(ES_nullDistribution.iloc[:,geneSetID]) > abs(
- empiricalPrerank.res2d.sort_values(by = 'Term').reset_index().loc[geneSetID,'ES']))/n
- correctedPvalues.append(correctedPvalues_temp)
- geneSetTerm = empiricalPrerank.res2d.sort_values(by = 'Term').reset_index().loc[:,'Term']
- enrichmentScore = empiricalPrerank.res2d.sort_values(by = 'Term').reset_index().loc[:,'ES']
- df_correctedPvalues = pd.DataFrame(correctedPvalues)
- # FDR correction
- FDRCorrectedPvals = pd.Series(stats.false_discovery_control(df_correctedPvalues[0],method = 'BH'))
- df_correctedLabelledPvalues = pd.concat([geneSetTerm,enrichmentScore,df_correctedPvalues,FDRCorrectedPvals],ignore_index=True,axis=1)
- df_correctedLabelledPvalues = df_correctedLabelledPvalues.set_axis(['geneSetTerm','EmpiricalES','SA_CorrectedPval','FDRandSA_Corrected'],
- axis = 1)
- print(df_correctedLabelledPvalues)
- # LACTATE TO BICARBONATE RATIO ES plot -------------------------------
- significantGenesets = [i for i, j in zip(df_correctedLabelledPvalues['geneSetTerm'],
- df_correctedLabelledPvalues['FDRandSA_Corrected']) if j <0.25]
- terms = empiricalPrerank.res2d.Term
- EP = empiricalPrerank.plot(terms = significantGenesets,
- figsize = (3,4))
- EP.savefig('OneMill_Schaefer100-LB_fdr0.25.pdf',format ='pdf',bbox_inches="tight")
GSEAplots_ratiosSchaefer100.py at commit 036ea2a, no license · at the source
Overview
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Pharmacy, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Abstract
Whole-brain metabolic topography measured with hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate MRI in 40 healthy individuals was correlated with microarray transcriptomic data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Spatial autocorrelation was addressed using both model-based and non-model-based methods, and two parcellation atlases with different numbers of regions were employed to reduce the likelihood of false positives. Brain regions with higher expression of transcripts characteristic of excitatory neurons showed an elevated bicarbonate-to-pyruvate ratio, indicating a higher flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase. Specifically, the Ex2 and Ex4 excitatory neuron subtypes showed the strongest enrichment among all cell-type gene sets. Collectively, these findings connect regional variations in metabolic neuroimaging profiles to underlying patterns of cellular gene expression, offering a framework for understanding the molecular basis of tissue-level metabolic organization.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repositories
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 3 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
Zenodo 20575695
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
- 26 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
brinuthayakumar/hpmr-genetranscript_imagingneuroscience
036ea2a8315df4c309316c1170d214d2fd8065ef, 6 June 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers
- 26 September 2026: the link answers
19 files
- Abagen/
Abagen_Schaefer100.py , Python, 55 lines - Abagen/
Abagen_Schaefer200.py , Python, 39 lines - Correlations/
Schaefer100Correlations/ , Python, 342 linesN40SACorrectedCorrelatio ns_RatiosSchaefer100.py - Correlations/
Schaefer100Correlations/ , Python, 118 linesSpatialAutocorrelationCo rrelationsFunctions.py - Correlations/
Schaefer200Correlations/ , Python, 342 linesN40SACorrectedCorrelatio ns_RatiosSchaefer200.py - Correlations/
Schaefer200Correlations/ , Python, 118 linesSpatialAutocorrelationCo rrelationsFunctions.py - SpinTestScripts/
Schaefer100/ , R, 12 linesCreateRotatedPermsSchaef er100.r - SpinTestScripts/
Schaefer100/ , Python, 188 linesGSEAplots_normalizedMeta bsSchaefer100.py - SpinTestScripts/
Schaefer100/ , Python, 192 lines, 1 matchGSEAplots_ratiosSchaefer 100.py - SpinTestScripts/
Schaefer200/ , Python, 195 linesGSEAplots_normalizedMeta bs.py - SpinTestScripts/
Schaefer200/ , Python, 192 lines, 1 matchGSEAplots_ratiosSchaefer 200.py - parametricNullDistributi
onScripts/ , Python, 194 linesSchaefer100/ GSEAplots_normalizedMeta bs.py - parametricNullDistributi
onScripts/ , Python, 200 linesSchaefer100/ GSEAplots_ratios.py - parametricNullDistributi
onScripts/ , Python, 187 lines, 1 matchSchaefer100/ SpatialAutocorrelationGS EA.py - parametricNullDistributi
onScripts/ , Python, 195 linesSchaefer200/ GSEAplots_normalizedMeta bs.py - parametricNullDistributi
onScripts/ , Python, 43 linesSchaefer200/ GSEAplots_oligodendrocyt eForWorkflow.py - parametricNullDistributi
onScripts/ , Python, 201 linesSchaefer200/ GSEAplots_ratios.py - parametricNullDistributi
onScripts/ , Python, 34 linesSchaefer200/ Gen_oligoSurrogateData_N 1_BP.py - README.md, Text, 11 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 18 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 3 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.
Data and Code Availability
All correlation and GSEA data, as well as the code to reproduce the figures and results, are available at https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 3, 28 September 2026
- Funding: added Canadian Cancer Society: 707455; Canadian Institutes of Health Research: PJT152928
Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 10 authors, 5 keywords, 10 MeSH terms, 49 references.
Cite
This paper
Uthayakumar, B., Dingwell, D. A., Cappelletto, N. I., Bragagnolo, N. D., Chen, A. P., Ma, N., Endre, R., Gillis, J., Soliman, H., & Cunningham, C. H. (2026). Hyperpolarized &
BibTeX
@article{uthayakumar2026
author = {Uthayakumar, Biranavan and Dingwell, Dylan A and Cappelletto, Nicole IC and Bragagnolo, Nadia D and Chen, Albert P and Ma, Nathan and Endre, Ruby and Gillis, Jesse and Soliman, Hany and Cunningham, Charles H},
title = {{Hyperpolarized \&
journal = {Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
volume = {4},
pages = {IMAG.a.1342},
publisher = {MIT Press},
issn = {2837-6056},
doi = {10.1162/
url = {https://
pmid = {42689174},
pmcid = {PMC13537045}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Uthayakumar, Biranavan
AU - Dingwell, Dylan A
AU - Cappelletto, Nicole IC
AU - Bragagnolo, Nadia D
AU - Chen, Albert P
AU - Ma, Nathan
AU - Endre, Ruby
AU - Gillis, Jesse
AU - Soliman, Hany
AU - Cunningham, Charles H
TI - Hyperpolarized &
T2 - Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)
J2 - Imaging Neurosci (Camb)
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 4
SP - IMAG.a.1342
SN - 2837-6056
PB - MIT Press
DO - 10.1162/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
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