Tandem repeat polymorphisms are associated with brain structure: results of two large population-based studies.

Overview

1. Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE),Bonn, Germany
2. School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an, China
3. AI in Medical Imaging, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE),Bonn, Germany
4. Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics (PRECISE), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and University of Bonn and West German Genome Center,Bonn, Germany
5. Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein,Lübeck, Germany
6. Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE),Bonn, Germany
7. Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn,Bonn, Germany
8. Centre of Neurology, Clinic for Parkinson, Sleep and Movement Disorders, University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn,Bonn, Germany

Abstract

Background: Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered many genetic variants linked to brain structure, much of its heritability still remains unexplained. Short tandem repeats (STRs) are rarely considered in GWAS but may account for part of this “missing heritability”. While the causal association of large pathogenic repeat expansions with a range of brain disorders is well established, the role of non-pathogenic STR variations in the general population is largely unknown. In this study, we systematically assessed the relationship between STR variations and brain imaging-derived phenotypes across the adult lifespan in the general population.

Methods: We used targeted deep sequencing to genotype approximately 3,000 polymorphic STRs across 2,958 individuals (mean age: 54.1 years, range: 30–90 years, 57.1% women) from the population-based Rhineland Study in Bonn, Germany. STR sizes at 2940 loci were estimated using ExpansionHunter v5, while 45 brain imaging-derived phenotypes were obtained from 3T T1-weighted MRI scans using the FreeSurfer processing pipeline. Associations between STR lengths and neuroimaging phenotypes were assessed using multiple linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, population stratification, and other relevant covariates. Significant findings were independently assessed for directional consistency in the UK Biobank Imaging Substudy (N = 38,879), leveraging available whole-genome sequencing data.

Results: The expansion of an intronic AC repeat in PRR14L was associated with larger thalamic volume (standardized β [95% CI] = 0.15 [0.06–0.24]), while AATG repeat polymorphisms in NADK were associated with reduced subcortical gray matter volume (–0.05 [–0.08 to − 0.01]) and thalamic volume (–0.06 [–0.08 to − 0.04]). These associations were directionally consistent in the UK Biobank cohort. Beyond single loci, higher polygenic burden of moderate STR expansions was associated with increased total brain, gray matter, supratentorial, and thalamic volumes (all multiple-testing–corrected p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that moderate STR expansions are region-specific determinants of brain morphology and suggest that STR variability may have evolved to enhance neuroanatomical plasticity and cognitive function. By leveraging large population-based cohorts, our study extends current understanding of how repetitive genomic elements contribute to inter-individual variation in brain structure beyond the effects of single-nucleotide variation.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-026-01702-1.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Data

Datasets cited

• figshare:32918368, at figshare; found in DataCite
• figshare:32918371, at figshare; found in DataCite

Data availability

Due to data protection regulations, the Rhineland Study data are not publicly available. However, qualified researchers may request access in accordance with the Rhineland Study’s Data Use and Access Policy. Requests for data access or additional information can be directed to whole-genome sequencing as well as individual-level data from the UK Biobank Imaging Study used in this work are available through the UKB Resource (https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk). Access to these data is subject to UK Biobank’s data access policies. Part of this research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 82056. All data are available in the main text or the supplementary materials.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Version 2, 28 September 2026

• Authors: added Richard Mantey (0000-0002-2175-0084); Jialu Hu (0000-0002-3351-8020); Maryam Touhidinia (0000-0003-2267-3970); Ahmed Mokhtar Sidky (0000-0001-6306-1079); Santiago Estrada (0000-0003-0339-8870); Kristian Haendler (0000-0001-5273-5277); Elena De Domenico (0000-0003-0336-8284); Marc Daniel Beyer (0000-0001-9704-148X); Monique Maria Bernadette Breteler (0000-0002-0626-9305); Nasir Ahmad Aziz (0000-0001-6184-458X); removed Richard Mantey; Jialu Hu; Maryam Touhidinia; Ahmed Mokhtar Sidky; Santiago Estrada; Kristian Haendler; Elena De Domenico; Marc Daniel Beyer; Monique Maria Bernadette Breteler; Nasir Ahmad Aziz

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 12 authors, 6 keywords, 14 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 70 references.

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This paper

Mantey, R., Hu, J., Touhidinia, M., Butt, T., Sidky, A. M., Sobhani, R., Estrada, S., Haendler, K., De Domenico, E., Beyer, M. D., Breteler, M. M. B., & Aziz, N. A. (2026). Tandem repeat polymorphisms are associated with brain structure: results of two large population-based studies. Genome medicine, 18(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-026-01702-1

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