Longitudinal patterns of digital parenting restrictions and adolescent screen use: Insights from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.

Overview

Authors: Daniel Lopez^1,2, Arturo Lopez-Flores^1,2, Gloria Ruiz-Orozco^1,2, Bonnie Nagel^1,2

ORCID iDs: Daniel Lopez

Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

Institutions: Oregon Health & Science University (United States)

Journal: PLOS digital health, volume 5, issue 10, article e0001127

Dates: received 21 November 2025; accepted 29 September 2026; published online 28 October 2026

Type: Research article · Language: English

License: CC BY

Identifiers: DOI 10.1371/journal.pdig.0001127 · PMID 42949984 · PMCID PMC13716224 · OpenAlex W7224101387

Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)

Status: empty repository (how the code is found and verified)

Categories: behavior only (modality), human (organism), developmental (subfield)

Methods: Statistics, Machine learning

Topic: Child Development and Digital Technology (Education, Social Sciences), according to OpenAlex

Funding: National Institutes of Health

Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 34 references in the paper

Abstract

Digital parenting restrictions are widely used to manage adolescent screen use, yet it is unclear how strongly these strategies are associated with screen time as children age and gain autonomy. This study examined longitudinal patterns of digital parenting restrictions and their relationship to adolescent screen time using self-reported and passive measures. Data came from Years 3–5 of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (n = 8,089). Latent Transition Analysis identified Low, Moderate, and High Restriction profiles from 14 Parent Screen Time Questionnaire items. Linear mixed-effects models tested associations between profiles and screen use outcomes (self-reported screen time, self-reported smartphone use, passive smartphone use from the ABCD-EARS app, and smartphone keystroke activity). Interaction terms examined age effects. Gradient boosting (XGBoost) identified the most influential parenting practices. High and Moderate Restriction profiles were linked to lower screen use across all measures. Compared to the Low Restriction group, High Restriction participants reported 56 fewer daily minutes of screen time (p < 0.0008) and logged 286 fewer daily keystrokes (p < 0.0008). A significant interaction (β = 13.0; 95% CI: 7.9, 18.2) indicated that the effect of high restriction diminished with age. Machine learning highlighted bedroom device access (e.g., screens playing at bedtime, mobile devices in bed) as the strongest predictor of higher screen time. Greater parenting restrictions were associated with lower adolescent screen time, although these associations appeared to weaken as adolescents gained independence. Limiting device access in the bedroom may represent a potentially useful strategy for moderating screen use and promoting healthier digital habits.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

No file of the authors' code could be read here: it is described below, and read at its source.

Daniel-Adan-Lopez/ABCD_ParentProfilesLicense: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 30 October 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 611605fa1be8131b64e93cd3e682e46c84f30f87, 22 July 2025
Size: 6 files, 0 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data Availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 October 2026: the link answers30 October 2026: the link answers
At the source: github.com/Daniel-Adan-Lopez/ABCD_ParentProfiles

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data Availability

All data used in this study are publicly available through the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Data Archive as part of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ (ABCD) Study. Access requires registration and completion of a data use certification. Data can be accessed at: https://nda.nih.gov/abcd. Code used for all analyses is available on GitHub: https://github.com/Daniel-Adan-Lopez/ABCD_ParentProfiles.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 30 October 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 4 authors, 1 funder, 27 references.

Cite

This paper

Lopez, D., Lopez-Flores, A., Ruiz-Orozco, G., & Nagel, B. (2026). Longitudinal patterns of digital parenting restrictions and adolescent screen use: Insights from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. PLOS digital health, 5(10), e0001127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0001127

BibTeX

@article{lopez2026longitudinal, author = {Lopez, Daniel and Lopez-Flores, Arturo and Ruiz-Orozco, Gloria and Nagel, Bonnie}, title = {{Longitudinal patterns of digital parenting restrictions and adolescent screen use: Insights from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study}}, journal = {PLOS digital health}, year = {2026}, month = oct, volume = {5}, number = {10}, pages = {e0001127}, publisher = {PLOS}, issn = {2767-3170}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pdig.0001127}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0001127}, pmid = {42949984}, pmcid = {PMC13716224} }

RIS

TY - JOUR AU - Lopez, Daniel AU - Lopez-Flores, Arturo AU - Ruiz-Orozco, Gloria AU - Nagel, Bonnie TI - Longitudinal patterns of digital parenting restrictions and adolescent screen use: Insights from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study T2 - PLOS digital health J2 - PLOS Digit Health PY - 2026 DA - 2026/10/28 VL - 5 IS - 10 SP - e0001127 SN - 2767-3170 PB - PLOS DO - 10.1371/journal.pdig.0001127 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0001127 LA - en ER -

CSL-JSON

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