OSCR

Brain morphology in Anorexia Nervosa and its subtypes: A multi-cohort study of individual participant data.

Code ↔ Paper

8 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 8 matches
  1. [1] § Methods › Machine learning classification › Classification pipelines. ↔ src/an_heterogeneity/tools/model_training.py, lines 107–212 · score 0.75 · model training, Hyperparameter optimization, cross validation, scikit-learn, nested, fold
  2. [2] § Methods › Machine learning classification › Hyperparameters optimization and performance estimation. ↔ src/an_heterogeneity/tools/model_pipelines.py, lines 36–71 · score 0.68 · precision recall, model pipeline, PR AUC, optimization, curve, classes
  3. [3] § Methods › Machine learning classification › Hyperparameters optimization and performance estimation. ↔ src/an_heterogeneity/model_evaluation/cross_validation.py, lines 43–158 · score 0.58 · class ratios, cross validation, trained, curve, PR, ROC
  4. [4] § Methods › Image acquisition and processing ↔ src/an_heterogeneity/tools/load_parse_neuromaps.py, lines 33–51 · score 0.58 · Desikan Killiany, FreeSurfer, atlas
  5. [5] § Methods › Normative modeling ↔ src/an_heterogeneity/tools/normative_tools.py, lines 873–919 · score 0.57 · infra normal, regional CT, supranormal, deviation, normative, SA
  6. [6] § Results › z-scores from CentileBrain normative model › AN versus HC. ↔ src/an_heterogeneity/tools/normative_tools.py, lines 873–919 · score 0.55 · subcortical volume, cortical thickness, surface area, threshold, supranormal, infranormal
  7. [7] § Results › Univariate comparisons ↔ src/an_heterogeneity/ANHC_univariate.ipynb, lines 461–472 · score 0.51 · FDR correction, CI, SD, ventricles, Univariate
  8. [8] § Results › Machine learning classification ↔ src/an_heterogeneity/model_evaluation/performance_metric_visualization.py, lines 89–144 · score 0.50 · precision recall, PR AUC, baseline, metrics

Paper

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The authors' code

Python · 1,056 lines · 44 KB · no license · 2 matches

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Overview

Authors: Fabio Bernardoni1, Dominic Arold1, Luis Schoppik1, Klaas Bahnsen1,2, Ruiyang Ge3, Clara Moreau4, Lasse Bang5, Federico D’Agata6, Giovanni Abbate-Daga6,7, Christian K Tamnes8,9, Iain Campbell10, Owen O’Daly11, Ulrike Schmidt11, Guido Frank12,13, Stefanie Horndasch14,15, Andreas Hess16,17,18, Arnd Dörfler17, Hans-Christoph Friederich19, Joe Simon19, Angela Favaro20
and 16 other authorsLuca Lavagnino21, Christina E Wierenga12,13, Amanda Bischoff-Grethe12,13, Amy E Miles22, Allan Kaplan22, Aristotle Voineskos22, Paul A M Smeets23,24, Annemarie A van Elburg25,26, Unna Danner25,26, Sophia I Thomopoulos27, Laura Berner28, Neda Jahanshad27, Sophia Frangou3,28, Joseph A King1, Paul Thompson27, Stefan Ehrlich1,29
29 affiliations
  1. Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
  2. Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  3. Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  4. Centre de recherche CHU Sainte Justine, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
  5. Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  6. Department of Neurosciences ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
  7. Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
  8. PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  9. Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  10. Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Institute of Psychitry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  11. Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  12. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
  13. Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
  14. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bielefeld University, Medical School and University Medical Center OWL, Protestant Hospital of the Bethel Foundation, Bielefeld, Germany
  15. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
  16. Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
  17. Department of Neuroradiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
  18. FAU NeW - Research Center for New Bioactive Compounds, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
  19. Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
  20. Padova Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
  21. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
  22. Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  23. UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
  24. Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
  25. Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, the Netherlands
  26. Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
  27. Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, California, United States of America
  28. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
  29. Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
Journal: PLoS medicine, volume 23, issue 5, article e1004809
Dates: received 23 October 2025; accepted 30 April 2026; published online 20 May 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC0
Identifiers: DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004809 · PMID 42160333 · PMCID PMC13215615 · OpenAlex W7161753715
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: structural MRI / diffusion (modality), human (organism), other condition (population)
Methods: Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Machine learning, Preprocessing, fMRI & imaging
MeSH: Anorexia Nervosa*, Brain*, Adolescent, Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Gray Matter, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuroimaging, Young Adult (* major topic)
Topic: Eating Disorders and Behaviors (Clinical Psychology, Psychology), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (K23MH080135 and R01MH096777, R01MH113588, R21MH86017, U54 EB020403); Sächsisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst (100770101); Helse Sør-Øst RHF (2021070, 2023012, and 500189); Else Kröner‐Fresenius‐Stiftung (2019_A118); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (EH 367/5-1 and EH 367/7-1, SI 2087/2-1 and BR 4852/1-1); Technische Universität Dresden (SFB940); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; Schweizerische Anorexia Nervosa Stiftung (57-16); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Foundation (CAM-14-001); Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (Carus Promotionskolleg); National Institute for Health and Care Research (Senior Investigator Award); Norges Forskningsråd (288083 and 323951); National Institutes of Mental Health (R01MH134962)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 88 references in the paper

Abstract

Background: In a recent coordinated meta-analysis of neuroimaging data, we reported gray matter (GM) alterations in acutely underweight patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Here, we extend these findings by examining individual variation in brain structure within AN, individual-level differentiation between AN and healthy controls (HC), and differences between AN subtypes, with potential relevance for understanding clinical heterogeneity.

Methods and findings: We analyzed individual-level data from 11 international sites in the ENIGMA Eating Disorders Working Group, including 570 female participants with AN and 739 HC. We examined cortical thickness, cortical surface area and subcortical volumes in AN versus HC using three complementary approaches: (i) group-level differences in a mega-analysis correcting for age effects, (ii) frequencies of extreme deviations (infra-/supranormal; z < −1.96/z > 1.96) based on normative reference models by the CentileBrain Initiative, and (iii) individual-level classification performance using machine learning. The same analytic framework was applied to compare AN restricting versus binge-eating/purging subtype, additionally correcting for BMI effects.

Mega-analyses reinforced previous meta-analytic findings of pronounced and widespread GM deficits in AN compared to HC. Normative modelling revealed that the frequency of infranormal z-scores (23/68 cortical thickness, 13/14 subcortical volume metrics) and supranormal z-scores (35/68 cortical thickness, 17/68 cortical surface area metrics) was significantly higher in AN than expected based on reference data. Individuals with AN could be reliably differentiated from HC using machine-learning classifiers (ROC–AUC = 0.75–0.81). In contrast, neither group-level differences nor frequency of extreme z-scores differed between AN subtypes, and individuals with different subtypes could not be reliably differentiated from each other. Importantly, the observational design cannot distinguish neurobiological differences related to AN from the effects of starvation or low BMI in the AN versus HC analyses. The lack of differences between subtypes does not exclude brain structural differences between AN subtypes that might be detectable with other modalities or analytic approaches.

Conclusion: Using a mega-analytic approach, we confirm widespread GM deficits in AN, show that these alterations are (in some patients) extreme, and demonstrate that they enable robust classification with superior performance compared to most MRI-based psychiatric classification studies. The absence of differences between AN subtypes may reflect shared neurobiology, though other imaging modalities may reveal distinctions beyond brain structure.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC0), from the paper cited above.

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OSF xrjkf

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data Availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: pandas (32 files), scikit-learn (32 files), NumPy (30 files), Matplotlib (15 files), seaborn (14 files), SciPy (13 files), statsmodels (11 files), Pillow (2 files), abagen (1 file), neuroHarmonize (1 file), neuromaps (1 file), NiBabel (1 file), Plotly (1 file), statannotations (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
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Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data Availability

Individual-level data underlying the findings of this study cannot be shared publicly because they are governed by site-specific ethical approvals and national and institutional data protection regulations at the 11 contributing ENIGMA Eating Disorders Working Group sites. The study authors are not the legal custodians of these data. Data access inquiries must be directed to the relevant institutional data custodian or ethics/governance office at each contributing site (Denver: , Dresden: , Erlangen: , Heidelberg: , London: , , Oslo: , Padova: , San Diego: , Torino: , Toronto: , Utrecht: , ). Any access is subject to local approval procedures and applicable legal and contractual restrictions. Summary-level data underlying the reported findings are provided in Tables A and B in the S1 Appendix. The code used for the analyses is available on OSF (https://osf.io/xrjkf/overview?view_only=b73a380dfaf94c36a69d9354e0c92679) or through the DOI (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/XRJKF).

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Versions

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Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 36 authors, 11 MeSH terms, 13 funders, 88 references.

Cite

This paper

Bernardoni, F., Arold, D., Schoppik, L., Bahnsen, K., Ge, R., Moreau, C., Bang, L., D’Agata, F., Abbate-Daga, G., Tamnes, C. K., Campbell, I., O’Daly, O., Schmidt, U., Frank, G., Horndasch, S., Hess, A., Dörfler, A., Friederich, H.-C., Simon, J., . . . Ehrlich, S. (2026). Brain morphology in Anorexia Nervosa and its subtypes: A multi-cohort study of individual participant data. PLoS medicine, 23(5), e1004809. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004809

BibTeX

@article{bernardoni2026brain,
author = {Bernardoni, Fabio and Arold, Dominic and Schoppik, Luis and Bahnsen, Klaas and Ge, Ruiyang and Moreau, Clara and Bang, Lasse and D’Agata, Federico and Abbate-Daga, Giovanni and Tamnes, Christian K and Campbell, Iain and O’Daly, Owen and Schmidt, Ulrike and Frank, Guido and Horndasch, Stefanie and Hess, Andreas and Dörfler, Arnd and Friederich, Hans-Christoph and Simon, Joe and Favaro, Angela and Lavagnino, Luca and Wierenga, Christina E and Bischoff-Grethe, Amanda and Miles, Amy E and Kaplan, Allan and Voineskos, Aristotle and Smeets, Paul A M and van Elburg, Annemarie A and Danner, Unna and Thomopoulos, Sophia I and Berner, Laura and Jahanshad, Neda and Frangou, Sophia and King, Joseph A and Thompson, Paul and Ehrlich, Stefan},
title = {{Brain morphology in Anorexia Nervosa and its subtypes: A multi-cohort study of individual participant data}},
journal = {PLoS medicine},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {23},
number = {5},
pages = {e1004809},
publisher = {PLOS},
issn = {1549-1277},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1004809},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004809},
pmid = {42160333},
pmcid = {PMC13215615}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Bernardoni, Fabio
AU - Arold, Dominic
AU - Schoppik, Luis
AU - Bahnsen, Klaas
AU - Ge, Ruiyang
AU - Moreau, Clara
AU - Bang, Lasse
AU - D’Agata, Federico
AU - Abbate-Daga, Giovanni
AU - Tamnes, Christian K
AU - Campbell, Iain
AU - O’Daly, Owen
AU - Schmidt, Ulrike
AU - Frank, Guido
AU - Horndasch, Stefanie
AU - Hess, Andreas
AU - Dörfler, Arnd
AU - Friederich, Hans-Christoph
AU - Simon, Joe
AU - Favaro, Angela
AU - Lavagnino, Luca
AU - Wierenga, Christina E
AU - Bischoff-Grethe, Amanda
AU - Miles, Amy E
AU - Kaplan, Allan
AU - Voineskos, Aristotle
AU - Smeets, Paul A M
AU - van Elburg, Annemarie A
AU - Danner, Unna
AU - Thomopoulos, Sophia I
AU - Berner, Laura
AU - Jahanshad, Neda
AU - Frangou, Sophia
AU - King, Joseph A
AU - Thompson, Paul
AU - Ehrlich, Stefan
TI - Brain morphology in Anorexia Nervosa and its subtypes: A multi-cohort study of individual participant data
T2 - PLoS medicine
J2 - PLoS Med
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/20
VL - 23
IS - 5
SP - e1004809
SN - 1549-1277
PB - PLOS
DO - 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004809
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004809
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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