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STAT4-dependent regulation of neuroinflammation in atherosclerosis.

Overview

Authors: Natalie Stahr1, Alina K Moriarty1,2, Shelby D Ma1, W Coles Keeter1, Woong‐Ki Kim3,4, Larry D Sanford1,2, Elena V Galkina1,2
ORCID iDs: Elena V Galkina
  1. Department of Biomedical and Translational Science, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
  2. Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
  3. Division of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
  4. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Institutions: Eastern Virginia Medical School (United States); Old Dominion University (United States); Tulane University (United States)
Journal: Physiological reports, volume 14, issue 7, article e70856
Dates: received 26 November 2025; accepted 20 March 2026; published online 6 April 2026; in print April 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.14814/phy2.70856 · PMID 41943474 · PMCID PMC13053938 · OpenAlex W7151317915
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: data only
Categories: mouse (organism), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Statistics
Keywords: atherosclerosis, cognitive functions, immune response, neuroinflammation, STAT4
MeSH: Atherosclerosis*, Neuroinflammatory Diseases*, STAT4 Transcription Factor*, Animals, Brain, Efferocytosis, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Microglia, Receptors, LDL (* major topic)
Topic: Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms (Neurology, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: NIH HHS (P51 OD011104); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL142129‐04S1, R01HL139000, R01HL142129); HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (HL142129-04S1, R01HL139000, R01HL142129); American Heart Association (20PRE35180156)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 62 references in the paper
Research resources: RRID:AB_2313606, RRID:AB_2336226, RRID:AB_2336257, for 30 min and then with DAB RRID:AB_2336520, Slides were incubated with ABC RRID:AB_2336827, counterstained with hematoxylin RRID:AB_2336842, RRID:AB_2533737, 2021) and crossed with Ldlr −/− mice RRID:IMSR_JAX:002207, RRID:IMSR_JAX:004781, RRID:SCR_000441, RRID:SCR_002798, RRID:SCR_003070, RRID:SCR_005012, analyzed with FlowJo RRID:SCR_008520, RRID:SCR_016517, RRID:SCR_018064, RRID:SCR_019826, RRID:SCR_025904

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is linked to an increased risk of cognitive decline, with chronic inflammation being a common feature of both pathologies. IL‐12 activates STAT4 to regulate myeloid cell functions, and blockade of this pathway alleviates cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's models. However, the mechanisms connecting vascular pathology to neuroinflammation remain unclear. Here, we examine whether STAT4 functions as a common mediator of neuroinflammation in atherosclerosis. We demonstrate that LysMCre‐specific STAT4 deficiency ameliorates deficits in long‐term memory in low‐density lipoprotein‐deficient (Ldlr −/− ) mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD‐C). STAT4 deficiency moderately reduces Ser199‐phosphorylated Tau burden. Atherosclerosis alters brain immune composition, characterized by increased numbers of CD45+ leukocytes, activated microglia, and activated T and B cells, whereas STAT4 deficiency attenuates these effects. Nanostring gene‐expression pathway analysis further highlights the importance of STAT4 in regulating multiple neuroinflammatory pathways and the Rhodopsin‐like receptor signaling, which is associated with synaptic plasticity. LysMCre‐specific STAT4 deficiency supports microglial efferocytosis in atherosclerotic Ldlr −/− mice and increases the number of efferocytotic macrophages. Accordingly, STAT4 deficiency also reduces neuronal death. Overall, our data reveal an important role for myeloid‐driven STAT4 expression in the pathogenesis of cognitive decline associated with atherosclerosis, mediated through impaired efferocytosis and enhanced leukocyte activation, leading to increased brain neuroinflammation.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Data

Datasets cited

Data availability statement

All data associated with this study are present in the paper. Data will be made available upon reasonable request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 7 authors, 5 keywords, 12 MeSH terms, 4 funders, 62 references, 18 RRIDs.

Cite

This paper

Stahr, N., Moriarty, A. K., Ma, S. D., Keeter, W. C., Kim, W., Sanford, L. D., & Galkina, E. V. (2026). STAT4-dependent regulation of neuroinflammation in atherosclerosis. Physiological reports, 14(7), e70856. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70856

BibTeX

@article{stahr2026stat4,
author = {Stahr, Natalie and Moriarty, Alina K and Ma, Shelby D and Keeter, W Coles and Kim, Woong‐Ki and Sanford, Larry D and Galkina, Elena V},
title = {{STAT4-dependent regulation of neuroinflammation in atherosclerosis}},
journal = {Physiological reports},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {e70856},
publisher = {Wiley},
issn = {2051-817X},
doi = {10.14814/phy2.70856},
url = {https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70856},
pmid = {41943474},
pmcid = {PMC13053938}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Stahr, Natalie
AU - Moriarty, Alina K
AU - Ma, Shelby D
AU - Keeter, W Coles
AU - Kim, Woong‐Ki
AU - Sanford, Larry D
AU - Galkina, Elena V
TI - STAT4-dependent regulation of neuroinflammation in atherosclerosis
T2 - Physiological reports
J2 - Physiol Rep
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/01
VL - 14
IS - 7
SP - e70856
SN - 2051-817X
PB - Wiley
DO - 10.14814/phy2.70856
UR - https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70856
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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