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<i>Blomia tropicalis</i> allergens induce lung DNA methylation changes in neuroimmune genes in a mouse model of airway inflammation.

Overview

Authors: Kevin Llinás-Caballero1, Nathalie Acevedo1, Simon Kebede Merid2, Karen Donado1, Hector Espinoza3, Ernesto Mondol1, Randy Reina1, Ronald Regino1, Inés Benedetti4, Josefina Zakzuk1, Leonardo Puerta1, Erik Melén2, Luis Caraballo1
  1. Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  2. Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  3. Departamento de Investigación e Innovación, Fundación Universitaria Antonio de Arévalo Unitecnar, Cartagena, Colombia
  4. Histopathology Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Institutions: University of Cartagena (Colombia); Karolinska Institutet (Sweden); Stockholm South General Hospital (Sweden); Fundación Tecnológica Antonio de Arévalo (Colombia)
Journal: Frontiers in immunology, volume 17, article 1775662
Dates: received 25 December 2025; accepted 5 June 2026; published online 2 July 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1775662 · PMID 42465740 · PMCID PMC13372613 · OpenAlex W7167022733
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: data only
Categories: genetics / omics (modality), mouse (organism), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Connectivity
Keywords: allergen exposure, Blo t 13, Blo t 2, Blomia tropicalis, DNA methylation, house dust mite, lung inflammation, mice model
MeSH: Allergens*, Antigens, Dermatophagoides*, Asthma*, DNA Methylation*, Lung*, Neuroimmunomodulation*, Pyroglyphidae*, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Epigenesis, Genetic, Female, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C (* major topic)
Topic: Asthma and respiratory diseases (Physiology, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 69 references in the paper

Abstract

Background: House dust mite (HDM) Blomia tropicalis is a major global inducer of allergic asthma, yet its epigenetic impact on airway tissues remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to perform an exploratory, hypothesis-generating screening of the DNA methylation changes that occur in lung tissue of mice with robust allergic inflammation compared to saline-exposed controls.

Methods: We sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice with B. tropicalis extract or purified allergens Blo t 2 and Blo t 13 or saline solution in a model of acute allergic airway inflammation, then assessed lung DNA methylation across over 285.000 CpG sites using the Infinium Mouse Methylation BeadChip (Illumina) (n = 6 mice per group, 24 lung samples).

Results: Allergen-exposed mice exhibit distinct lung DNA methylation profiles compared to controls following exposure to Blo t 2, Blo t 13, or B. tropicalis extract. Analysis of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) revealed 137, 179 and 313 DMRs in mice exposed to Blo t 2, Blo t 13, or B. tropicalis extract, respectively. Genes in key differentially methylated regions included protocadherin alpha genes (Pcdha1 to Pcdha6), cadherin 8 (Cdh8) and interleukin 11 receptor alpha (Il11ra). Genes in DMRs were enriched in several biological processes including homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules and nervous system development. Notably, there was also found significant differences in mRNA levels of neuronal growth genes such as (Gdf7), N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase 2 (Naalad2), prune homolog 2 with BCH domain (Prune2), cerebellin 1 precursor (Cbln1) and, in the proapoptotic gene Bcl2l11.

Conclusion: Exposure to B. tropicalis allergens is associated with lung DNA methylation changes in genes implicated in allergic asthma and inflammatory responses, offering novel epigenetic insights and key targets of house dust mite-induced airway allergy. This exposure may involve a joint neuro-immune epigenetic reprogramming in the lung, altering the methylation of cell-adhesion and local neural signaling genes, alongside key lipid inflammatory drivers. Our results support the hypothesis that Blomia tropicalis exposure disrupts the airway epithelial barrier and sensitizes the local pulmonary neuroendocrine network, strongly predisposing the tissue to hyperreactivity and allergic inflammation.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

The paper links to its data, not to its authors' code: see the Data section.

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Data

Datasets cited

Data availability statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 13 authors, 8 keywords, 13 MeSH terms, 69 references.

Cite

This paper

Llinás-Caballero, K., Acevedo, N., Merid, S. K., Donado, K., Espinoza, H., Mondol, E., Reina, R., Regino, R., Benedetti, I., Zakzuk, J., Puerta, L., Melén, E., & Caraballo, L. (2026). <i>Blomia tropicalis</i> allergens induce lung DNA methylation changes in neuroimmune genes in a mouse model of airway inflammation. Frontiers in immunology, 17, 1775662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1775662

BibTeX

@article{llinascaballero2026lt,
author = {Llinás-Caballero, Kevin and Acevedo, Nathalie and Merid, Simon Kebede and Donado, Karen and Espinoza, Hector and Mondol, Ernesto and Reina, Randy and Regino, Ronald and Benedetti, Inés and Zakzuk, Josefina and Puerta, Leonardo and Melén, Erik and Caraballo, Luis},
title = {{\<i\>Blomia tropicalis\</i\> allergens induce lung DNA methylation changes in neuroimmune genes in a mouse model of airway inflammation}},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {17},
pages = {1775662},
publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
issn = {1664-3224},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2026.1775662},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1775662},
pmid = {42465740},
pmcid = {PMC13372613}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Llinás-Caballero, Kevin
AU - Acevedo, Nathalie
AU - Merid, Simon Kebede
AU - Donado, Karen
AU - Espinoza, Hector
AU - Mondol, Ernesto
AU - Reina, Randy
AU - Regino, Ronald
AU - Benedetti, Inés
AU - Zakzuk, Josefina
AU - Puerta, Leonardo
AU - Melén, Erik
AU - Caraballo, Luis
TI - <i>Blomia tropicalis</i> allergens induce lung DNA methylation changes in neuroimmune genes in a mouse model of airway inflammation
T2 - Frontiers in immunology
J2 - Front Immunol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/02
VL - 17
SP - 1775662
SN - 1664-3224
PB - Frontiers Media SA
DO - 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1775662
UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1775662
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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