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The all-or-none repolarization in cardiac ventricular myocytes: an <i>in silico</i> characterization of a relevant biomarker of ventricular action potential.

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 163 lines · 3.4 KB · CC-BY-4.0

  1. % close all
  2. clear
  3. % clc
  4. % clf
  6. global T1
  7. global Amp2
  8. global dur2
  10. global CC_VC
  13. addpath C:\mystuff\work_2026\mfiles_Eugenio_currents\funzioni_modelli\
  14. addpath C:\mystuff\work_2026\mfiles_Eugenio_currents\IC
  15. addpath C:\mystuff\work_2026\mfiles_Eugenio_currents\bioms\
  16. % addpath C:\mystuff\work_2026\mfiles_eugenio_currents\restitution
  18. VC=zeros(1,131);
  19. % Der_media=zeros(1,131);
  21. for kk=1:80
  22. kk
  23. for qw=1:131
  26. T1=5+(kk-1)*5;
  27. dur2=100;
  28. % Amp2=67; % 82(10)
  32. if qw==31
  33. VClamp=0.1;
  34. else
  35. VClamp=31-qw;
  36. end
  39. VC(qw)=VClamp;
  42. nbeats = 1;
  43. t = [0, T1/1000]; % s
  45. font_size = 24;
  46. lin_wid = 1;
  48. %load('TorORd_IC.mat')
  49. load('Y_2000_INa_0')
  50. % Y0 = TorORd_CL_2000_ICaL_0_0;
  51. Y0=Y_2000_INa_0;
  52. % Y0=Y_2000;
  53. fcn = @model_Torord;
  54. V_idx = 1;
  55. Cai_idx = 6;
  56. V_scale = 1; % mV
  57. flag_ode = 1;
  58. scale = 1e3;
  59. t = t*scale;
  61. %% Run simulation
  62. %options = odeset('MaxStep', scale*1e-3, 'OutputFcn',@odewbar); %
  63. options = odeset('MaxStep', scale*1e-3); %
  64. [t_last, Y_last] = ode15s(@(x,y) fcn(x, y, flag_ode), t, Y0, options);
  65. Y0 = Y_last(size(Y_last,1),:);
  66. t1 = t_last;
  67. Vm1 = Y_last(:, V_idx)*V_scale;
  69. tvc=[t1(end),t1(end)+1];
  71. CC_VC=2;
  72. Y0(1)=VClamp;
  73. %options = odeset('MaxStep', scale*1e-3, 'OutputFcn',@odewbar); %
  74. options = odeset('MaxStep', scale*1e-3); %
  75. [t_last, Y_last] = ode15s(@(x,y) fcn(x, y, flag_ode), tvc, Y0, options);
  76. Y0 = Y_last(size(Y_last,1),:);
  77. t2 = t_last;
  78. Vm2 = Y_last(:, V_idx)*V_scale;
  80. tcc=[t2(end),t2(end)+500];
  81. CC_VC=1;
  82. %options = odeset('MaxStep', scale*1e-3, 'OutputFcn',@odewbar); %
  83. options = odeset('MaxStep', scale*1e-3); %
  84. [t_last, Y_last] = ode15s(@(x,y) fcn(x, y, flag_ode), tcc, Y0, options);
  85. Y0 = Y_last(size(Y_last,1),:);
  86. t3 = t_last;
  87. Vm3 = Y_last(:, V_idx)*V_scale;
  89. Vm=[Vm1;Vm2;Vm3];
  90. t=[t1;t2;t3];
  92. % [a,b]=min(abs(t3-(T1+100))); % seleziono sono i 100 ms dopo VC
  93. % derivata=diff(Vm3(1:b))./diff(t3(1:b));
  94. % Der_media(qw)=mean(derivata);
  96. t_deflections=t3(1):0.1:t3(end);
  97. Vm_deflections=interp1(t3,Vm3,t_deflections);
  98. [a,b]=find(t_deflections==t3(1)+100);
  99. Vm_defl(:,qw)=Vm_deflections(1:b);
  100. t_defl=t_deflections(1:b);
  102. end
  104. %% Extract and plot state variables on last beat
  106. % subplot(2,1,1)
  107. % plot(t, Vm, 'Linewidth', 1);hold on
  108. % xlabel('t (ms)'), ylabel('V_m (mV)')
  109. % xline(T1+100,':')
  110. % axis([0 400 -100 50])
  114. iniz_window=0;
  115. fin_window=100;
  117. [b,iniz]=min(abs(t_defl-(t_defl(1)+iniz_window)));
  118. [a,fin]=min(abs(t_defl-(t_defl(1)+fin_window)));
  120. T=t_defl(iniz:fin);
  121. V=Vm_defl(iniz:fin,:);
  123. derivata=diff(V)./diff(T');
  124. media_der=mean(derivata);
  127. VC=Vm_defl(1,:);
  129. Res(:,kk)=media_der';%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  131. % subplot(2,1,2)
  132. % plot(VC,media_der);hold on
  133. %
  134. % ylim([-1 1.2])
  136. end
  139. TT=(1:1:kk)*5;
  140. surf(TT,VC,Res)
  142. Xq = TT(1):0.1:TT(end); Yq = VC(end):0.1:VC(1);
  143. [Xq,Yq] = meshgrid(Xq,Yq);
  144. Zq = interp2(TT,VC,Res,Xq,Yq,'spline');
  145. figure
  146. mesh(Xq,Yq,Zq);hold on
  147. view(0,90)
  148. axis([0 400 -100 40 -1 1])
  150. % cd C:\mystuff\work_2026\mfiles_eugenio_currents\restitution
  151. cd C:\mystuff\work_2026\data4
  152. load wf_2000
  153. plot(wf_2000(:,1),wf_2000(:,2),'w','LineWidth',2)
  154. axis([0 400 -100 40])
  155. colorbar
  156. xlabel('time (ms)')
  157. ylabel('Vm (mV)')
  159. cd C:\mystuff\work_2026\3d_surfaces
  160. save Y_2000_INa_0
  162. % cd C:\mystuff\work_2026\mfiles_eugenio_currents\restitution\3d_surfaces
  163. % save restit_1500

Torord_SRR_CC_VC_ITER_e_misura.m, under CC-BY-4.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Massimiliano Zaniboni1
  1. Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Institutions: University of Parma (Italy)
Journal: Frontiers in physiology, volume 17, article 1827577
Dates: received 10 March 2026; accepted 27 April 2026; published online 30 June 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.3389/fphys.2026.1827577 · PMID 42454072 · PMCID PMC13364564 · OpenAlex W7166760158
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: computational modeling (no new data) (modality), human (organism), clinical / translational (subfield)
Keywords: all-or-none repolarization, biomarker of cardiac repolarization, cardiac action potential form, cardiac action potential repolarization, discontinuous conduction of cardiac action potential, gradients of repolarization
Topic: Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias (Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 32 references in the paper

Abstract

All-or-none repolarization (AONR) consists in the fact that brief hyperpolarizing current injections delivered during the early phase of the cardiac action potential (AP) can reach membrane potential values where small changes in the current can either lead the post-injection membrane potential to recover the previous AP waveform or suddenly repolarize to the resting state. The phenomenon, long known from the early studies on squid axon and Purkinje fibers, has been studied over the years. Here, by means of an updated human ventricular AP model, the form of AONR is described in detail, showing how it is modified by the pacing rate and by the changes in the ion channels active during the early phase of AP. A novel representation of AONR is proposed that makes it easier to appreciate the features of this phenomenon and its relationship with the corresponding AP. It is shown, for example, how the threshold for AONR changes in different models of human ventricular AP. The phenomenon is revisited by which different propensity to generate AONR in endocardial and epicardial cells can lead to transmural repolarization gradients and arrhythmias. It is also shown that the form of AONR is mostly independent from the corresponding AP waveform, as two almost identical AP waveforms show completely different thresholds for AONR. The main message of this study is that the threshold for AONR is an easily accessible feature of the AP, rich in information concerning AP dynamics, which should be taken into consideration as a fundamental electrophysiological biomarker in the process of fine-tuning human ventricular AP models.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

Zenodo 19666107

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Languages: MATLAB (1)
Size: 1 file, 1 script
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: the text, “Conclusions”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
1 file
At the source: doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19666107

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

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  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 1 script, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 1 author, 6 keywords, 32 references.

Cite

This paper

Zaniboni, M. (2026). The all-or-none repolarization in cardiac ventricular myocytes: an <i>in silico</i> characterization of a relevant biomarker of ventricular action potential. Frontiers in physiology, 17, 1827577. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1827577

BibTeX

@article{zaniboni2026all,
author = {Zaniboni, Massimiliano},
title = {{The all-or-none repolarization in cardiac ventricular myocytes: an \<i\>in silico\</i\> characterization of a relevant biomarker of ventricular action potential}},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
volume = {17},
pages = {1827577},
publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
issn = {1664-042X},
doi = {10.3389/fphys.2026.1827577},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1827577},
pmid = {42454072},
pmcid = {PMC13364564}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Zaniboni, Massimiliano
TI - The all-or-none repolarization in cardiac ventricular myocytes: an <i>in silico</i> characterization of a relevant biomarker of ventricular action potential
T2 - Frontiers in physiology
J2 - Front Physiol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/30
VL - 17
SP - 1827577
SN - 1664-042X
PB - Frontiers Media SA
DO - 10.3389/fphys.2026.1827577
UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1827577
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.3389/fphys.2026.1827577",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "The all-or-none repolarization in cardiac ventricular myocytes: an <i>in silico</i> characterization of a relevant biomarker of ventricular action potential",
"container-title": "Frontiers in physiology",
"author": [
{
"family": "Zaniboni",
"given": "Massimiliano"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Front Physiol",
"volume": "17",
"page": "1827577",
"DOI": "10.3389/fphys.2026.1827577",
"PMID": "42454072",
"PMCID": "PMC13364564",
"ISSN": "1664-042X",
"publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1827577",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
6,
30
]
]
}
}

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