Visual exposure to masked faces benefits personally familiar but not famous face recognition.
The 7 matches · 2 of them tie a paragraph to a whole file, not to given lines: weak matches, whose lines are not tinted
- [1] § Materials and methods › Procedure ↔ Experiment Code/face_exp_new.m, lines 82–95 · score 0.73 · 800–1000 ms, fixation cross, 800 ms
- [2] § Materials and methods › Data analysis › Neural data analysis ↔ Experiment Code/runFaceNew.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.64 · 110 ms, 140 ms, 230 ms, 320 ms, MATLAB, window
- [3] § Materials and methods › Data analysis › Behavioral data analysis ↔ Experiment Code/face_exp_new.m, lines 1–79 · score 0.58 · mouse button, mouse click, paradigm, RT, 15 %, stimuli
- [4] § Materials and methods › Procedure ↔ Experiment Code/face_exp_new.m, lines 1–79 · score 0.56 · pseudo random, sequence, click, respond, block, mouse
- [5] § Materials and methods › Neural data acquisition and preprocessing ↔ Analysis and Figure Code/EEG Analysis/preprocess.m, lines 5–52 · score 0.52 · stimulus onset, preprocessed, filtered, EEG
- [6] § Materials and methods › Data analysis › Behavioral data analysis ↔ Experiment Code/practice_face_new.m, lines 1–70 · score 0.51 · mouse button, mouse click, paradigm, RT
- [7] § Materials and methods › Procedure ↔ Experiment Code/runFaceNew.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.51 · pseudo random, sequence, paradigm, block, mouse
Paper
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The authors' code
MATLAB · 315 lines · 24 KB · CC-BY-4.0 · 3 matches
- function rating = face_exp_new (subject,window,screenNumber,width,height,session,pth,p1,p2,p3,ind,Index_Matrix,h)
- % check for Opengl compatibility, abort otherwise:
- AssertOpenGL;
- KbName('UnifyKeyNames');
- KbCheck;
- escape = KbName('ESCAPE');
- responseKey = 1; % X mouse button
- % h = IOPort('OpenSerialPort', 'com3','BaudRate=19200');
- % IOPort('Write', h, 'a');
- % load data
- folder = dir ('C:/Users/Dr. Koel Das/Documents/MATLAB/Srijita/Stim_test_SK/New Paradigm/FINAL STIMULI (MASKED + UNMASKED, INDEXED)/*.jpg');
- folder = natsortfiles(folder);
- %Index_Matrix = [32 133 222 205 314 17 324 76 332 173 72 337 38 325 299 146 350 9 212 263 59 191 105 164; 294 359 31 176 217 48 134 153 331 114 237 273 68 265 21 282 229 43 98 67 304 198 238 338; 160 80 180 241 308 143 93 25 94 227 209 297 353 122 85 4 345 302 3 280 186 149 284 108; 100 140 181 151 330 88 358 6 335 124 71 269 63 255 300 188 339 44 197 260 95 145 119 220; 56 148 185 169 290 74 348 20 327 152 65 259 49 245 258 224 355 8 193 296 33 161 111 206; 2 166 182 139 292 110 344 24 283 172 41 295 27 253 320 183 357 84 199 274 89 157 115 232; 178 113 147 75 242 215 12 343 218 306 101 275 267 103 156 333 102 352 34 328 131 187 138 106; 340 16 137 319 126 70 341 189 117 30 334 298 51 315 226 112 61 351 163 200 175 81 128 270; 82 29 211 54 289 288 1 208 249 109 135 42 194 159 168 266 243 201 278 79 310 170 46 301; 329 223 257 35 184 11 22 190 347 272 354 346 107 55 246 116 165 303 26 154 78 150 231 239; 291 305 228 322 69 141 136 40 123 250 120 240 45 221 286 23 92 15 271 216 316 203 349 66; 60 247 268 167 18 73 99 252 83 307 104 326 313 195 210 236 321 171 225 97 86 162 262 230; 57 261 342 47 254 192 244 279 158 36 118 214 233 251 28 174 13 129 19 177 336 62 309 235; 5 360 14 318 202 155 64 281 77 87 144 276 317 52 132 10 248 207 287 125 219 311 37 196; 96 50 90 53 323 285 312 142 58 264 356 277 130 213 127 256 121 234 179 39 293 91 7 204]; % pseudo-random image sequence, each row for a block
- [r,c]=size(Index_Matrix); % r = no. of blocks, c = no. of trials
- num = c; % num = no. of trials
- break_text = 'Please take a mandatory break for 2 minutes';
- wait_text = 'Wait for a few seconds ...';
- % for fixation cross
- x1 = (width/2)-10;
- y1 = (height/2);
- x2 = (width/2)+10;
- y2 = (height/2);
- xy1 = [x1 x2; y1 y2];
- x3 = (width/2);
- y3 = (height/2)-10;
- x4 = (width/2);
- y4 = (height/2)+10;
- xy2 = [x3 x4; y3 y4];
- try
- rating = zeros(num, 4); % to store stim_ref, RT, mouse-button clicked and points per subject per block: col1 = stim_list, col2: confidence ratin, col3: RT
- FixCr=zeros(500,2);
- fixcross = Screen('MakeTexture', window, FixCr);
- FixCr2=ones(40,40)*240;
- FixCr2(20:21,:)=0;
- FixCr2(:,20:21)=0; %try imshow(FixCr2) to display the result in Matlab
- fixcross2 = Screen('MakeTexture', window, FixCr2);
- ShowCursor(0,window);
- introText = 'Please read carefully: \n\n 1. You will be shown 30 images of faces you may or may not know.\n\n \n\n 2. Your task is to respond with a left mouse click (click only once, as soon as possible), \n\n in a 2-back manner, for images of the SAME INDIVIDUAL \n\n \n\n 3. Click on the LEFT mouse button AFTER you see the SECOND repeated image\n\n \n\n 4. Click to respond only when the "Response" text appears\n\n \n\n Click mouse button to continue ...';
- Screen('FillRect', window, 240);
- DrawFormattedText(window, introText, 'center', 'center', 0);
- % IOPort('Write',h,'t');WaitSecs(0.01);% IOPort('Write',h,'t');
- % IOPort('Write',h,'b'); % T1
- Screen('Flip', window);
- IOPort('Write',h,'b'); % T1
- while (1) %wait for user response
- [x,y,buttons] = GetMouse(screenNumber);
- if buttons(1) || KbCheck
- break;
- end
- end
- Jitter = 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- Jitter2 = 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- trials = Index_Matrix(session,:);
- % start trials
- for n = 1:c
- %HideCursor;
- %start_time_trial = GetSecs;
- idx = trials (n);
- if n>2
- idx_copy = trials(n-2);
- end
- I = imread([folder(idx).name]);
- theImage = imresize(I, 0.75); % resizing
- %theImage = I;
- %% fixation cross (Jitter1)
- %t_in = randi([1,4],1);
- t_fc = Jitter(ind);
- Screen('FillRect', window, [240, 240, 240]);
- %Screen('DrawTexture', window, fixcross2);
- Screen('DrawLines', window, xy1, 1, 0);
- Screen('DrawLines', window, xy2, 1, 0);
- Screen('Flip', window);
- IOPort('Write',h,'b'); % T2
- % wait for 800 - 1000 ms
- WaitSecs(t_fc);
- %start_time = GetSecs;
- %% Present stimuli (100 ms)
- Screen('FillRect', window, [240 240 240])
- % Make the image into a texture
- imageTexture = Screen('MakeTexture', window, theImage);
- % Draw the image to the screen
- Screen('DrawTexture', window, imageTexture, [], [], 0);
- Screen('DrawLines', window, xy1, 1, 0);
- Screen('DrawLines', window, xy2, 1, 0);
- % Flip to the screen
- Screen('Flip', window);
- IOPort('Write',h,'b'); % T3
- WaitSecs(0.1);
- %% pre-response screen
- t_fc2 = Jitter2(ind);
- Screen('FillRect', window, [240 240 240])
- % fixation cross
- Screen('DrawLines', window, xy1, 1, 0);
- Screen('DrawLines', window, xy2, 1, 0);
- %Screen('DrawTexture', window, fixcross2);
- % Flip to the screen
- Screen('Flip', window);
- IOPort('Write',h,'b'); % T4
- % Wait for 300-400 ms
- WaitSecs(t_fc2);
- %% inter-stimulus-interval/Response Screen
- responseText = 'Response';
- Screen('FillRect', window, [240 240 240]);
- if n>2
- DrawFormattedText(window, responseText, 'center', (height/2)-70, 0);
- end
- Screen('DrawLines', window, xy1, 1, 0);
- Screen('DrawLines', window, xy2, 1, 0);
- % Flip to the screen
- Screen('Flip', window);
- start_time = GetSecs;
- IOPort('Write',h,'b'); % T5
- t0 = GetSecs;
- answer = 0;
- while answer == 0
- [x,y,buttons,focus,valuators,valinfo] = GetMouse(screenNumber);
- secs = GetSecs;
- %WaitSecs(1);
- if buttons(responseKey) == 1
- answer = 1;
- end
- if secs - t0 > 1
- break
- end
- end
- restime(n) = secs - start_time;
- result(n) = answer;
- %% saving stimuli-wise performance
- if n==1 && answer == 1 % Go on non-task trial
- points(n)=0;
- elseif n==2 && answer == 1 % Go on non-task trial
- points(n)=0;
- elseif n>2 && idx == (idx_copy+2) && answer==1 % Go on task-trials
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n>2 && idx == (idx_copy+4) && answer==1 % Go on task-trials
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n>2 && idx == (idx_copy-2) && answer==1 % Go on task-trials
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n>2 && idx == (idx_copy-4) && answer==1 % Go on task-trials
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n==1 && answer == 0 % No-go on non-task trial
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n==2 && answer == 0 % No-go on non-task trial
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n>2 && idx == (idx_copy+2) && answer==0 % No-go on task-trials
- points(n)=0;
- elseif n>2 && idx == (idx_copy+4) && answer==0
- points(n)=0;
- elseif n>2 && idx == (idx_copy-2) && answer==0
- points(n)=0;
- elseif n>2 && idx == (idx_copy-4) && answer==0
- points(n)=0;
- elseif n>2 && idx ~= (idx_copy+2) && answer==0 % No-go on non task-trials
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n>2 && idx ~= (idx_copy+4) && answer==0
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n>2 && idx ~= (idx_copy-2) && answer==0
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n>2 && idx ~= (idx_copy-4) && answer==0
- points(n)=1;
- elseif n>2 && idx ~= (idx_copy+2) && answer==1 % Go on non-task task-trials
- points(n)=0;
- elseif n>2 && idx ~= (idx_copy+4) && answer==1
- points(n)=0;
- elseif n>2 && idx ~= (idx_copy-2) && answer==1
- points(n)=0;
- elseif n>2 && idx ~= (idx_copy-4) && answer==1
- points(n)=0;
- % elseif n>2 && idx~=idx_copy && answer==0 % No-go on non-task trials
- % points(n)=1;
- % elseif n>2 && idx ~= idx_copy && answer==1 % Go on non-task trials
- % points(n)=0;
- % elseif n>2 && idx == idx_copy && answer==0 % No-go on task trials
- % points(n)=0;
- end
- ind = ind+1;
- end
- %filename = strcat(subject,'log',num2str(session), '.mat');'
- % result = result';
- % restime = restime';
- rating(:,1)=trials';
- rating(:,2)=result;
- rating(:,3)=restime;
- rating(:,4)=points;
- %filename = strcat('Log', {' '}, subject, {'_'}, num2str(session), '.mat');
- filename = sprintf('Log_%s_block_%d.mat', subject, session);
- save([pth filename], 'rating');
- session=session+1;
- trial = sprintf('Session \n\n %d',session);
- if session == 8
- Screen('FillRect', window, 240);
- DrawFormattedText(window, break_text, 'center', 'center', 0);
- % IOPort('Write',h,'t');WaitSecs(0.01);% IOPort('Write',h,'t');
- Screen('Flip', window);
- KbPressWait();
- else
- Screen('FillRect', window, 240);
- DrawFormattedText(window, wait_text, 'center', 'center', 0);
- % IOPort('Write',h,'t');WaitSecs(0.01);% IOPort('Write',h,'t');
- Screen('Flip', window);
- KbPressWait();
- end
- Screen('FillRect', window, 100);
- % Screen(window,'FillRect',[100,100,100],[100,200,300,500]);
- % Screen('DrawText', window, 'Practice', 150, 350, [0 0 0]);
- Screen(window,'FillRect',130,p1);
- DrawFormattedText(window, trial,p1(1)+50,p1(2)+100,[0,0,0]);
- Screen(window,'FillRect',130,p3);
- Screen('DrawText', window, 'Abort', p3(1)+50, p3(2)+100, [0 0 0]);
- %if session == 8
- %DrawFormattedText(window, break_text, 'center', (height/2)-250, 0);
- %end
- Screen('Flip',window);
- switch ind
- case 451
- introText = 'Thank You For Your Time and Contribution Towards Science.\n\n We truly appreciate your participation!\n\n Press Esc to exit';
- Screen('FillRect', window, 100);
- DrawFormattedText(window, introText, 'center', 'center', 0);
- Screen('Flip', window);
- % Wait for keystroke:
- [~, keycode] = KbStrokeWait;
- % Escape exits:
- if keycode(escape)
- Screen('CloseAll');
- ShowCursor;
- % Screen('Preference', 'Verbosity', oldVerbosityLevel);
- % Screen('Preference', 'VisualDebugLevel', oldVisualDebugLevel);
- end
- otherwise
- while 1
- while buttons(1) %if already pressed, wait for release
- [x, y, buttons] = GetMouse;
- end
- while ~buttons(1) %wait for press
- [x, y, buttons] = GetMouse;
- end
- while buttons(1) %wait for release
- [x, y, buttons] = GetMouse;
- end
- if IsInRect(x,y,p1)
- % Screen('CloseAll');
- close all;
- ShowCursor;
- % session=session+1;
- face_exp_new(subject,window,screenNumber,width,height,session,pth,p1,p2,p3,ind,Index_Matrix,h);
- % Screen('Preference', 'Verbosity', oldVerbosityLevel);
- % Screen('Preference', 'VisualDebugLevel', oldVisualDebugLevel);
- break;
- end
- if IsInRect(x,y,p3)
- Screen('CloseAll');
- ShowCursor;
- % Screen('Preference', 'Verbosity', oldVerbosityLevel);
- % Screen('Preference', 'VisualDebugLevel', oldVisualDebugLevel);
- break;
- end
- end
- end
- catch
- Screen('CloseAll');
- ShowCursor;
- % Screen('Preference', 'Verbosity', oldVerbosityLevel);
- % Screen('Preference', 'VisualDebugLevel', oldVisualDebugLevel);
- psychrethrow(psychlasterror);
- end
- end
face_exp_new.m at commit 4d9fae0, under CC-BY-4.0 · at the source
Overview
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Abstract
Introduction: The introduction of face masks during the recent COVID-19 pandemic presented a potential challenge for human face perception and recognition. Our exploratory study investigates the effect of face masks in face recognition by probing the neuropsychological mechanisms of the same. We also aim to explicate the effect of general exposure to masked faces and visual experience with specific masked faces of personally familiar individuals on face recognition ability.
Methods: Participants detected personally familiar, famous, and unfamiliar Indian faces in masked and unmasked conditions in a 2-back test.
Results: Statistical analyses revealed significant main effects of familiarity and mask conditions on performance accuracy and reaction time (RT). The highest performance accuracy in correctly detecting the target face was observed for familiar and unmasked faces, and the lowest for unfamiliar and masked ones. Notably, RTs were not different between unmasked and masked personally familiar faces, while masked famous faces elicited significantly greater RT than their unmasked counterpart. EEG analysis was consistent with behavioral results. Specifically, we show neural evidence for increased effort in processing masked famous faces that is similar to that for masked unfamiliar faces, but absent for masked familiar faces. This increased effort to process masked faces of unfamiliar or famous individuals is suggestive of a beneficial effect of visual exposure to, and experience with, specific masked faces.
Conclusion: In sum, our study presents behavioral and neural evidence that personal familiarity with masked faces aids perceptual learning and eventual recognition, and this learning does not generalize to otherwise well-known faces.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 7 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
srijitakarmakar/MaskedFacePerception
4d9fae095ca3597833aea2961e7597ad932787bb, 8 February 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers
- 29 September 2026: the link answers
27 files
- Analysis and Figure Code/
Behavior Analysis/ , MATLAB, 908 linesbehaviour_analysis.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
Behavior Analysis/ , MATLAB, 65 linesmultiple_comparison.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
Behavior Analysis/ , MATLAB, 145 linesrm_anova2.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
Behavior Analysis/ , MATLAB, 26 linesstat_ranova2.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 65 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ multiple_comparison.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 222 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ one-way anova, t-test, effect size/ RMAOV1.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 71 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ one-way anova, t-test, effect size/ computeCohen_d.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 53 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ one-way anova, t-test, effect size/ permutation_testing.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 36 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ one-way anova, t-test, effect size/ rm_two_way.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 43 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ one-way anova, t-test, effect size/ rm_two_way_Sept_14.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 66 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ one-way anova, t-test, effect size/ rmanova_3way_Aug3.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 33 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ one-way anova, t-test, effect size/ rmanova_Aug3.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 23 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ one-way anova, t-test, effect size/ stat_rmanova1.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 12 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ one-way anova, t-test, effect size/ stat_ttest.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 97 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ rmanova_3way_Aug3.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 35 linesANOVA/ Cluster/ rmanova_Aug3.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 85 lineseeg_analysis_main.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 244 lineseeglab_only_rejection.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 194 lines, 1 matchpreprocess.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
EEG Analysis/ , MATLAB, 82 linestrials_post_rating.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
Figures/ , MATLAB, 499 linesbehaviour_plots.m - Analysis and Figure Code/
Figures/ , MATLAB, 188 lineserp_plots.m - Experiment Code/
face_exp_new.m , MATLAB, 315 lines, 3 matches - Experiment Code/
practice_face_new.m , MATLAB, 280 lines, 1 match - Experiment Code/
runFaceNew.m , MATLAB, 143 lines, 2 matches - LICENSE, License, 395 lines
- README.md, Text, 58 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 25 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 7 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
Datasets cited
- zenodo:15760254, at Zenodo; found in the text, “Transparency and openness statement”
Data availability statement
The raw and processed behavioral data, processed EEG data, and codes for experiment presentation, analysis, and figure generation are made publicly available on a GitHub repository: https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 1, 29 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 3 authors, 7 keywords, 70 references.
Cite
This paper
Karmakar, S., Das, S., & Das, K. (2026). Visual exposure to masked faces benefits personally familiar but not famous face recognition. Frontiers in psychology, 17, 1671509. https://
BibTeX
@article{karmakar2026vis
author = {Karmakar, Srijita and Das, Subhajit and Das, Koel},
title = {{Visual exposure to masked faces benefits personally familiar but not famous face recognition}},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {17},
pages = {1671509},
publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
issn = {1664-1078},
doi = {10.3389/
url = {https://
pmid = {42077297},
pmcid = {PMC13134374}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Karmakar, Srijita
AU - Das, Subhajit
AU - Das, Koel
TI - Visual exposure to masked faces benefits personally familiar but not famous face recognition
T2 - Frontiers in psychology
J2 - Front Psychol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 17
SP - 1671509
SN - 1664-1078
PB - Frontiers Media SA
DO - 10.3389/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.3389/
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Visual exposure to masked faces benefits personally familiar but not famous face recognition",
"container-title": "Frontiers in psychology",
"author": [
{
"family": "Karmakar",
"given": "Srijita"
},
{
"family": "Das",
"given": "Subhajit"
},
{
"family": "Das",
"given": "Koel"
}
],
"container-title-short":
"volume": "17",
"page": "1671509",
"DOI": "10.3389/
"PMID": "42077297",
"PMCID": "PMC13134374",
"ISSN": "1664-1078",
"publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
"URL": "https://
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
4,
17
]
]
}
}
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