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Electrophysiological Characterization of the Venom and Toxins from the Scorpion <i>Tityus championi</i> Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Molecular Modeling of Tch3, a Toxin with Therapeutic Potential for Pain Relief.

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Paper

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The authors' code

R · 61 lines · 1.7 KB · no license

  1. library(dplyr)
  2. library(googlesheets4)
  3. library(ggplot2)
  4. library(pracma)
  6. sheet_url<-"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1zwJky-N-a_k3Z5vkbJ-rNAVkt4oC4dhoHU16K1MLg-Y/edit#gid=0"
  7. Na_wc <- read_sheet(sheet_url, 1)
  8. Na_wc
  10. p <- Na_wc |>
  11. ggplot(aes(x = vm)) +
  12. geom_point(aes(y = activacion), color = "blue", size = 1) +
  13. geom_point(aes(y = inactivacion), color = "red", size = 1) +
  14. theme_minimal()
  15. p
  17. fun_activacion <- approxfun(Na_wc$vm, Na_wc$activacion)
  18. fun_inactivacion <- approxfun(Na_wc$vm, Na_wc$inactivacion)
  20. f <- approxfun(Na_wc$vm, Na_wc$activacion)
  21. curve(f(x), -60, 0, col = "green2")
  22. points(Na_wc$vm, Na_wc$activacion)
  24. f <- approxfun(Na_wc$vm, Na_wc$inactivacion)
  25. curve(f(x), -60, 0, col = "green2")
  26. points(Na_wc$vm, Na_wc$inactivacion)
  28. find_intersection <- function(f, g, interval) {
  29. # Busca la diferencia entre las curvas
  30. diff_func <- function(x) f(x) - g(x)
  32. # Encuentra 0's en un intervalo
  33. root <- uniroot(diff_func, interval = interval)$root
  35. # Devuelva el punto de intersección
  36. return(root)
  37. }
  40. intersection <- find_intersection(fun_activacion, fun_inactivacion, interval = c(-50, -20))
  41. cat("Intersection point:", intersection)
  43. #Aquí definimos el rango
  44. integration_range <- c(-60, intersection)
  46. # Aquí hacemos la integral
  47. result_activacion <- integrate(fun_activacion, integration_range[1], integration_range[2])
  49. #Imprimimos el resultado
  50. lado_izquierdo <- result_activacion$value
  51. lado_izquierdo
  53. #Aquí definimos el rango
  54. integration_range_right <- c(intersection, 0)
  56. # Aquí hacemos la integral
  57. result_inactivacion_derecho <- integrate(fun_inactivacion, integration_range_right[1], integration_range_right[2])
  59. #Imprimimos el resultado
  60. lado_derecho <- result_inactivacion_derecho$value
  61. lado_derecho

AreaBajoCurva_Codigo_INa.R at commit 1576b4e, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Galit Akerman-Sánchez1,2, Steve Peigneur3, Kathleen Carleer3, Natalia Ortiz4, Felipe Navia5, Leonardo Fierro5, Santiago Castaño5, Cecilia Díaz4,6, Jan Tytgat3, Oscar Brenes1,7
ORCID iDs: Galit Akerman-Sánchez, Steve Peigneur, Natalia Ortiz, Felipe Navia, Santiago Castaño, Cecilia Díaz, Jan Tytgat, Oscar Brenes
  1. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
  2. Postgraduate Study System, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
  3. Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.P.); (K.C.)
  4. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; (N.O.); (C.D.)
  5. Laboratory of Herpetology and Toxinology, University of the Valley, Cali 760043, Colombia; (F.N.); (L.F.); (S.C.)
  6. Clodomiro Picado Institute, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11103, Costa Rica
  7. Neuroscience Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
Institutions: Universidad de Costa Rica (Costa Rica); KU Leuven (Belgium); Universidad del Valle (Colombia)
Journal: Biomolecules, volume 16, issue 4, article 552
Dates: received 4 March 2026; accepted 5 April 2026; published online 8 April 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.3390/biom16040552 · PMID 42072673 · PMCID PMC13113398 · OpenAlex W7151895492
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: human (organism), other (organism), pain (population), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions
Keywords: Tityus, buthidae, scorpion venom, voltage-gated sodium channels, oocytes, invertebrate neurons, Xenopus, Helix, Cornu, electrophysiology, molecular docking
MeSH: Pain*, Scorpion Venoms*, Scorpions*, Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels*, Action Potentials, Animals, Humans, Models, Molecular, NAV1.6 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel, NAV1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel, Neurons (* major topic)
Topic: Ion channel regulation and function (Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology), according to OpenAlex
Funding: University of Costa Rica (C0-608); Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (12W7822N); Graduate School System scholarship
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 93 references in the paper

Abstract

Scorpion neurotoxins are small peptides that target ion channels and offer opportunities for novel therapeutic discovery. This study analyzed the functional effects of the venom and toxins from the Costa Rican endemic scorpion, Tityus championi. Initially, crude venom was tested on different isoforms of voltage-gated sodium channels. Our findings revealed that the venom contains toxins that affect mammalian NaV1.6 and NaV1.7, as well as the cockroach BgNaV1 channel. Increased currents through NaV1.6 and BgNaV1 channels were associated with bigger window currents and inhibition of inactivation. Decreased NaV1.7 currents were associated with smaller conductance. Crude venom and TCh3 toxin inhibited action potential generation in invertebrate neurons expressing NaV1.7-like channels. In these neurons, Tch2 and Tch4 toxins shifted voltage sensitivity to more negative potentials, ultimately widening the window current but decreasing channel availability. Conversely, Tch3 behaved as an inhibitory toxin, closing window currents and decreasing channel availability. Structural modeling showed that Tch3 adopts an αββ fold and binds the S3–S4 loop of Domain II in human NaV1.7. These data show the diverse effects of scorpion venoms on channels and neurons, characterize its principal toxins, and show that Tch3 has therapeutic potential for pain relief.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

GalitAkerman/Statistics-Helix-Article

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 29 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 1576b4e96c361978d29b985056535a8bc899be7c, 12 August 2024
Languages: R (4)
Size: 4 files, 4 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the text, “2.5. Electrophysiological Recordings and Treatme”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: ggplot2 (4 files), tidyverse (4 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers
  • 29 September 2026: the link answers
4 files
At the source: github.com/GalitAkerman/Statistics-Helix-Article

GalitAkerman/CR-ScorpionVenom-Nav

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 29 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 2e3baecb3a335c4799357011c03627fda50395a8, 24 February 2026
Languages: R (1)
Size: 26 files, 1 script
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the text, “2.8. Statistical Analysis”
Holds: README, license file
Not found: CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: emmeans (1 file), ggplot2 (1 file), mgcv (1 file), patchwork (1 file), tidyverse (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers
  • 29 September 2026: the link answers
3 files
At the source: github.com/GalitAkerman/CR-ScorpionVenom-Nav.git

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 5 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the manuscript’s figures and tables; statistical analysis is available at https://github.com/GalitAkerman/CR-ScorpionVenom-Nav.git (accessed on 4 April 2026). Further information is available upon request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 29 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 10 authors, 11 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 3 funders, 89 references.

Cite

This paper

Akerman-Sánchez, G., Peigneur, S., Carleer, K., Ortiz, N., Navia, F., Fierro, L., Castaño, S., Díaz, C., Tytgat, J., & Brenes, O. (2026). Electrophysiological Characterization of the Venom and Toxins from the Scorpion &lt;i&gt;Tityus championi&lt;/i&gt; Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Molecular Modeling of Tch3, a Toxin with Therapeutic Potential for Pain Relief. Biomolecules, 16(4), 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16040552

BibTeX

@article{akermansanchez2026electrophysiological,
author = {Akerman-Sánchez, Galit and Peigneur, Steve and Carleer, Kathleen and Ortiz, Natalia and Navia, Felipe and Fierro, Leonardo and Castaño, Santiago and Díaz, Cecilia and Tytgat, Jan and Brenes, Oscar},
title = {{Electrophysiological Characterization of the Venom and Toxins from the Scorpion \&lt;i\&gt;Tityus championi\&lt;/i\&gt; Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Molecular Modeling of Tch3, a Toxin with Therapeutic Potential for Pain Relief}},
journal = {Biomolecules},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {552},
publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},
issn = {2218-273X},
doi = {10.3390/biom16040552},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16040552},
pmid = {42072673},
pmcid = {PMC13113398}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Akerman-Sánchez, Galit
AU - Peigneur, Steve
AU - Carleer, Kathleen
AU - Ortiz, Natalia
AU - Navia, Felipe
AU - Fierro, Leonardo
AU - Castaño, Santiago
AU - Díaz, Cecilia
AU - Tytgat, Jan
AU - Brenes, Oscar
TI - Electrophysiological Characterization of the Venom and Toxins from the Scorpion &lt;i&gt;Tityus championi&lt;/i&gt; Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Molecular Modeling of Tch3, a Toxin with Therapeutic Potential for Pain Relief
T2 - Biomolecules
J2 - Biomolecules
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/08
VL - 16
IS - 4
SP - 552
SN - 2218-273X
PB - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DO - 10.3390/biom16040552
UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16040552
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"id": "10.3390/biom16040552",
"type": "article-journal",
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