The Hidden Architecture of Brain Structural Variability in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Multi-site Study

1. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
2. Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
3. Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
4. Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Canada
5. Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
6. Centre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
7. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
8. Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
9. Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
10. Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
11. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
12. The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
13. Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
14. School of Psychological Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Australia
15. Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
16. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
17. Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK
18. Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
19. Centro de Interés Nacional para Investigación e Innovación en Niñez, Adolescencia, Resiliencia y Adversidad, IINARA, Chile
20. Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
21. Cardiff University’s Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
22. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine and, Division of Genetics the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
23. Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
24. Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
25. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
26. Centre for Research in Psychological Wellbeing (CREW), School of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
27. Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
28. Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
29. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
30. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
31. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
32. Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia
33. 22q and You Center and Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
34. Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
35. Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
36. Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
37. Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
38. Rare Diseases Program, Institute for Science and Innovation in Medicine, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
39. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
40. Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
41. Department of Psychiatry, Steven J. Sharp Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
42. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
43. Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
44. Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
45. Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

@article{boen2026hidden,
author = {Boen, Rune and O’Hora, Kathleen P. and Fung, Hoki and Kushan, Leila and Schleifer, Charles H. and Dietterich, Tyler E. and Amir, Carolyn M. and Klein, Samuel and Kang, Jee Won and Wang, Haley R. and Hughes, Dylan E. and Villalon-Reina, Julio E. and Kang, Melody J.Y. and Im, Yanghee and Kumar, Kuldeep and Alnæs, Dag and Angkustsiri, Kathleen and Antshel, Kevin M. and Bakker, Geor and Bassett, Anne S. and Butcher, Nancy J. and Campbell, Linda E. and Chawner, Samuel J.R.A. and Chow, Eva W.C. and Craig, Michael C. and Crossley, Nicolas A. and Daly, Eileen and Di Fabio, Fabio and Doherty, Joanne L. and Emanuel, Beverly S. and Fiksinski, Ania M. and Forsyth, Jennifer K. and Frascarelli, Marianna and Fremont, Wanda P. and Gudbrandsen, Maria and Gur, Raquel E. and Hallmayer, Joachim F. and Jalbrzikowski, Maria and Kates, Wendy R. and Linden, David E. and McCabe, Kathryn L. and McDonald-McGinn, Donna M. and Murphy, Declan and Murphy, Kieran C. and O'Hara, Ruth and Owen, Michael J. and Reiss, Allan L. and Repetto, Gabriela M. and Roalf, David R. and Ruparel, Kosha and Schmitt, J Eric and Sievertsen, Sam A. and Simon, Tony J. and Trevorrow, Zachary H. and van Amelsvoort, Therese and van den Bree, Marianne B.M. and Vorstman, Jacob A.S. and Zackai, Elaine H. and Ching, Christopher R.K. and Thompson, Paul M. and Bearden, Carrie E. and {for the ENIGMA-22q Working Group}},
title = {{The Hidden Architecture of Brain Structural Variability in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Multi-site Study}},
journal = {medRxiv (preprint)},
year = {2026},
month = may,
publisher = {medRxiv},
doi = {10.64898/2026.05.18.26353539},
url = {https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.18.26353539}
}

TY - JOUR
AU - Boen, Rune
AU - O’Hora, Kathleen P.
AU - Fung, Hoki
AU - Kushan, Leila
AU - Schleifer, Charles H.
AU - Dietterich, Tyler E.
AU - Amir, Carolyn M.
AU - Klein, Samuel
AU - Kang, Jee Won
AU - Wang, Haley R.
AU - Hughes, Dylan E.
AU - Villalon-Reina, Julio E.
AU - Kang, Melody J.Y.
AU - Im, Yanghee
AU - Kumar, Kuldeep
AU - Alnæs, Dag
AU - Angkustsiri, Kathleen
AU - Antshel, Kevin M.
AU - Bakker, Geor
AU - Bassett, Anne S.
AU - Butcher, Nancy J.
AU - Campbell, Linda E.
AU - Chawner, Samuel J.R.A.
AU - Chow, Eva W.C.
AU - Craig, Michael C.
AU - Crossley, Nicolas A.
AU - Daly, Eileen
AU - Di Fabio, Fabio
AU - Doherty, Joanne L.
AU - Emanuel, Beverly S.
AU - Fiksinski, Ania M.
AU - Forsyth, Jennifer K.
AU - Frascarelli, Marianna
AU - Fremont, Wanda P.
AU - Gudbrandsen, Maria
AU - Gur, Raquel E.
AU - Hallmayer, Joachim F.
AU - Jalbrzikowski, Maria
AU - Kates, Wendy R.
AU - Linden, David E.
AU - McCabe, Kathryn L.
AU - McDonald-McGinn, Donna M.
AU - Murphy, Declan
AU - Murphy, Kieran C.
AU - O'Hara, Ruth
AU - Owen, Michael J.
AU - Reiss, Allan L.
AU - Repetto, Gabriela M.
AU - Roalf, David R.
AU - Ruparel, Kosha
AU - Schmitt, J Eric
AU - Sievertsen, Sam A.
AU - Simon, Tony J.
AU - Trevorrow, Zachary H.
AU - van Amelsvoort, Therese
AU - van den Bree, Marianne B.M.
AU - Vorstman, Jacob A.S.
AU - Zackai, Elaine H.
AU - Ching, Christopher R.K.
AU - Thompson, Paul M.
AU - Bearden, Carrie E.
AU - for the ENIGMA-22q Working Group
TI - The Hidden Architecture of Brain Structural Variability in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Multi-site Study
T2 - medRxiv (preprint)
J2 - medRxiv
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/21
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.05.18.26353539
UR - https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.18.26353539
LA - en
ER -

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