Simple methods to acutely measure multiple timing metrics among the sexual repertoire of male <i>Drosophila</i>.
Paper
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The authors' code
C++ · 457 lines · 16 KB · MIT
- #include "board.h"
- int s1=15,s2=15;
- int diffx = 0;
- int diffy = 0;
- int ss_threshold;
- int x[15],y[4];
- Mat image;
- board::board() {
- dstTri.emplace_back(Point2f(0,0));
- dstTri.emplace_back(Point2f(length,0));
- dstTri.emplace_back(Point2f(length,height));
- dstTri.emplace_back(Point2f(0,height));
- }
- void trackBar(int, void*)
- {
- diffx = s1 - 15;
- diffy = s2 - 15;
- x[0] = 0;
- y[0] = 36;
- for (int i=1;i<5;i++)
- x[i] = x[i-1]+66;
- x[5] = 333;
- for (int i=6;i<10;i++)
- x[i] = x[i-1]+66;
- x[10] = 666;
- for (int i=11;i<15;i++)
- x[i] = x[i-1]+66;
- for (int i=1;i<4;i++)
- y[i] = y[i-1]+66;
- for (int i=1;i<15;i++)
- x[i] +=diffx;
- for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
- y[i] +=diffy;
- Mat img2;
- img2 = image.clone();
- Mat img_gray,img_black;
- // Mat kernel = getStructuringElement(MORPH_RECT, Size(3, 3), Point(-1, -1));
- vector<vector<cv::Point>> contours;
- vector<cv::Vec4i> hierarchy;
- img2 = image.clone();
- cvtColor(image,img_gray,CV_BGR2GRAY);
- medianBlur(img_gray,img_gray,3);
- threshold(img_gray,img_black,ss_threshold,255,CV_THRESH_BINARY);
- // dilate(img_black, img_black, kernel);
- findContours(img_black, contours, hierarchy, cv::RETR_LIST, cv::CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE);
- vector<RotatedRect> boundRect(contours.size());
- vector<double> contArea(contours.size());
- for (size_t i = 0; i < contours.size(); i++)
- {
- //approxPolyDP(Mat(contours[i]), contours_poly[i], 3, true);
- boundRect[i] = minAreaRect(Mat(contours[i]));
- contArea[i] = contourArea(contours[i]);
- }
- for (size_t i = 0; i < contours.size(); i++)
- {
- int t_area = boundRect[i].size.area();
- if (t_area>=14 && contArea[i]>12 && contArea[i]<8000) {
- Scalar color = Scalar(0, 255, 255);
- drawContours(img2, contours, i, color, 1);
- }
- }
- for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
- line(img2,Point(0, y[i]),Point(155*6, y[i]),Scalar(0,0,255),1);
- for (int i=0;i<15;i++)
- line(img2,Point(x[i], 0),Point(x[i], 270),Scalar(0,0,255),1);
- // cout<<"threshold =" <<ss_threshold<<endl;
- imshow("output2", img2);
- // imshow("black", img_black);
- }
- void first(){
- diffx = s1 - 15;
- diffy = s2 - 15;
- x[0] = 0;
- y[0] = 36;
- for (int i=1;i<5;i++)
- x[i] = x[i-1]+66;
- x[5] = 333;
- for (int i=6;i<10;i++)
- x[i] = x[i-1]+66;
- x[10] = 666;
- for (int i=11;i<15;i++)
- x[i] = x[i-1]+66;
- for (int i=1;i<4;i++)
- y[i] = y[i-1]+66;
- for (int i=1;i<15;i++)
- x[i] +=diffx;
- for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
- y[i] +=diffy;
- Mat img_gray,img_black,img2;
- Mat kernel = getStructuringElement(MORPH_RECT, Size(3, 3), Point(-1, -1));
- vector<vector<cv::Point>> contours;
- vector<cv::Vec4i> hierarchy;
- img2 = image.clone();
- cvtColor(image,img_gray,CV_BGR2GRAY);
- medianBlur(img_gray,img_gray,3);
- threshold(img_gray,img_black,ss_threshold,255,CV_THRESH_BINARY);
- // dilate(img_black, img_black, kernel);
- findContours(img_black, contours, hierarchy, cv::RETR_LIST, cv::CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE);
- vector<RotatedRect> boundRect(contours.size());
- vector<double> contArea(contours.size());
- for (size_t i = 0; i < contours.size(); i++)
- {
- //approxPolyDP(Mat(contours[i]), contours_poly[i], 3, true);
- boundRect[i] = minAreaRect(Mat(contours[i]));
- contArea[i] = contourArea(contours[i]);
- }
- for (size_t i = 0; i < contours.size(); i++)
- {
- int t_area = boundRect[i].size.area();
- if (t_area>=14 && contArea[i]>12 && contArea[i]<8000) {
- Scalar color = Scalar(0, 255, 255);
- drawContours(img2, contours, i, color, 1);
- }
- }
- for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
- line(img2,Point(0, y[i]),Point(155*6, y[i]),Scalar(0,0,255),1);
- for (int i=0;i<15;i++)
- line(img2,Point(x[i], 0),Point(x[i], 270),Scalar(0,0,255),1);
- imshow("output2", img2);
- }
- void onMouse(int event, int x, int y, int flags, void *utsc)
- {
- callbackP cp = *(callbackP*)utsc; // 先转换类型,再取数据
- if (event == EVENT_LBUTTONUP) //响应鼠标左键事件
- {
- circle((*(callbackP*)utsc).src, Point(x, y), 2, Scalar(0, 0, 255), 2); //标记选中点
- // imshow("wait ", (*(callbackP*)utsc).src);
- (*(callbackP*)utsc).srcTri.emplace_back(Point2f(x, y));
- cout << "x:" << x << " " << "y:" << y << endl;
- (*(callbackP*)utsc).clickTimes++;
- if ((*(callbackP*)utsc).clickTimes == 4)
- {
- cout << "按任意键继续!" << endl;
- }
- }
- }
- void onMouse_threshold(int event, int x, int y, int flags, void *utsc)
- {
- callbackP cp = *(callbackP*)utsc; // 先转换类型,再取数据
- if (event == EVENT_LBUTTONUP) //响应鼠标左键事件
- {
- circle((*(callbackP*)utsc).src, Point(x, y), 1, Scalar(0, 0, 255), 2); //标记选中点
- // imshow("wait ", (*(callbackP*)utsc).src);
- (*(callbackP*)utsc).srcTri.emplace_back(Point2f(x, y));
- cout << "x:" << x << " " << "y:" << y << endl;
- (*(callbackP*)utsc).clickTimes++;
- if ((*(callbackP*)utsc).clickTimes == 3)
- {
- cout << "按任意键继续!" << endl;
- }
- }
- }
- void board::set_speed(int speed) {
- for (int i=0;i<37;i++)
- flies[i].speed = speed;
- }
- void board::get_point(Mat &img) {
- namedWindow("src",0);
- cvResizeWindow("src", 1080, 1080);
- bool process1 = true;
- utsc.src = img.clone();
- while(process1) {
- imshow("src", utsc.src);
- setMouseCallback("src", onMouse, (void *) &utsc); //类型转换
- if (utsc.clickTimes == 4) {
- //计算透视矩阵
- M = findHomography(utsc.srcTri, dstTri, RANSAC);
- //图像透视变换
- warpPerspective(utsc.src, dst, M,
- Size((length), (height)));
- imwrite("output.jpg", dst);
- break;
- } else {
- cout << "需要从左上角开始,顺时针依次点矩形的四个角!" << endl;
- cout << "现在点击了" << utsc.clickTimes << "次" << endl;
- }
- key = waitKey(1);
- if (key == 'q')
- break;
- }
- image = dst.clone();
- destroyWindow("src");
- }
- void board::adjust_lines() {
- cvNamedWindow("output2", 0);
- resizeWindow("output2", 1280, 1080);
- bool process2 = true;
- ss_threshold = set_threshold+28;
- first();
- while (process2){
- createTrackbar("diffx", "output2", &s1, 30, trackBar);
- createTrackbar("diffy", "output2", &s2, 30, trackBar);
- createTrackbar("threshold", "output2", &ss_threshold, 200, trackBar);
- key = waitKey(1);
- if (key == 'q')
- break;
- }
- destroyWindow("output2");
- }
- void board::reset_matcher() {
- Mat tempsrc = utsc.src.clone();
- Point center;
- for (int i=0;i<4;i++){
- center = utsc.srcTri[i];
- if (center.x>8 && center.y>8){
- matchimg.emplace_back(tempsrc(Rect(center.x-8,center.y-8,16,16)).clone());
- matchcenter.emplace_back(center);
- }
- }
- }
- void board::reset_threshold(){
- cvNamedWindow("threshold", 0);
- resizeWindow("threshold", 1280, 1080);
- Mat temp_src= image.clone();
- Mat temp_gray;
- imshow("threshold", temp_src);
- cvtColor(temp_src,temp_gray,CV_BGR2GRAY);
- bool process1 = true;
- int nums,maxnum;
- Point fly_center;
- utsc1.src = image.clone();
- while(process1) {
- imshow("threshold", utsc1.src);
- setMouseCallback("threshold", onMouse_threshold, (void *) &utsc1); //类型转换
- if (utsc1.clickTimes == 3) {
- break;
- } else {
- cout << "click flys" << endl;
- cout << "现在点击了" << utsc1.clickTimes << "次" << endl;
- }
- key = waitKey(1);
- if (key == 'q')
- break;
- }
- maxnum = 0;
- for (int i=0;i<3;i++){
- fly_center = utsc1.srcTri[i];
- nums = temp_gray.ptr<uchar>(fly_center.y)[fly_center.x];
- printf("num = %d \n",nums);
- if (nums>maxnum)
- maxnum = nums;
- }
- cout<<"min num ="<< maxnum<<endl;
- set_threshold = maxnum;
- destroyWindow("threshold");
- }
- float calc(Point2f rect[4]){
- float length,width;
- length = sqrt((rect[0].x-rect[1].x)*(rect[0].x-rect[1].x)+(rect[0].y-rect[1].y)*(rect[0].y-rect[1].y));
- width = sqrt((rect[2].x-rect[1].x)*(rect[2].x-rect[1].x)+(rect[2].y-rect[1].y)*(rect[2].y-rect[1].y));
- if (width/length < 1.0)
- return length/width*1.0;
- return width/length*1.0;
- }
- bool dis_judge(Point p1,Point p2){
- float dis;
- dis = sqrt((p1.x-p2.x)*(p1.x-p2.x)+(p1.y-p2.y)*(p1.y-p2.y));
- // if (dis>8.0)
- // cout<<"dis="<<dis<<endl;
- return dis <= 8.0;
- }
- void board::state(Mat &img, int time) {
- int wid,heigh;
- Mat img_gray,img_black;
- Mat kernel = getStructuringElement(MORPH_RECT, Size(3, 3), Point(-1, -1));
- vector<vector<cv::Point>> contours;
- vector<cv::Vec4i> hierarchy;
- Point2f rect[4];
- Point leftup,rightdown,center;
- Mat srcimg,dstimg;
- for (int i=0;i<4;i++){
- center = matchcenter[i];
- if (center.x>20)
- leftup.x=center.x-20;
- else
- leftup.x = 0;
- if (center.y>20)
- leftup.y=center.y-20;
- else
- leftup.y = 0;
- if (center.x+20>img.cols)
- rightdown.x = img.cols;
- else
- rightdown.x = center.x+20;
- if (center.y+20>img.rows)
- rightdown.y = img.rows;
- else
- rightdown.y = center.y+20;
- wid = rightdown.x-leftup.x;
- heigh = rightdown.y - leftup.y;
- srcimg = img(Rect(leftup.x,leftup.y,wid,heigh)).clone();
- matchTemplate(srcimg, matchimg[i], dstimg, TM_SQDIFF);
- normalize(dstimg,dstimg,0, 1, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
- double minvalue,maxvalue;
- Point minLocat,maxLocat;
- Point matchLocate,location;
- minMaxLoc(dstimg, &minvalue, &maxvalue, &minLocat, &maxLocat, Mat());
- matchLocate = minLocat;
- location.x = matchLocate.x+leftup.x+(int)matchimg[i].cols/2;
- location.y = matchLocate.y+leftup.y+(int)matchimg[i].rows/2;
- if (dis_judge(location, matchcenter[i])){
- matchcenter[i]=location;
- // matchimg[i]=img(Rect(location.x-3,location.y-3,6,6)).clone();
- }
- rectangle(img,leftup,Point(leftup.x+wid,leftup.y+heigh),Scalar(0,255,0),2);
- circle(img,center,2,Scalar(255, 0,0),2);
- rectangle(img, Point(matchLocate.x+leftup.x,matchLocate.y+leftup.y),Point(matchLocate.x+matchimg[i].cols+leftup.x,matchLocate.y+matchimg[i].rows+leftup.y),Scalar(0,0,255),2);
- }
- imshow("test",img);
- imwrite ("img.jpg",img);
- waitKey(1);
- M = findHomography(matchcenter, dstTri, RANSAC);
- warpPerspective(img, dst, M,
- Size((length), (height)));
- for (int i=0;i<37;i++){
- P[i].clear();
- scale[i] = 0;
- }
- cvtColor(dst,img_gray,CV_BGR2GRAY);
- medianBlur(img_gray,img_gray,3);
- threshold(img_gray,img_black,ss_threshold,255,CV_THRESH_BINARY);
- // dilate(img_black, img_black, kernel);
- findContours(img_black, contours, hierarchy, cv::RETR_LIST, cv::CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE);
- // imshow ("test2", img_black);
- // imwrite ("black.jpg",img_black);
- waitKey(1);
- vector<RotatedRect> boundRect(contours.size());
- vector<double> contArea(contours.size());
- for (size_t i = 0; i < contours.size(); i++)
- {
- //approxPolyDP(Mat(contours[i]), contours_poly[i], 3, true);
- boundRect[i] = minAreaRect(Mat(contours[i]));
- contArea[i] = contourArea(contours[i]);
- }
- for (size_t i = 0; i < contours.size(); i++)
- {
- int t_area = boundRect[i].size.area();
- int t_x = boundRect[i].center.x;
- int t_y = boundRect[i].center.y;
- int add = 0;
- for (int j=0;j<3;j++)
- for (int k=0;k<4;k++){
- if ((t_x>x[k]&&t_x<x[k+1])&&(t_y>y[j]&&t_y<y[j+1])){
- int index_num = j*4+k+1;
- if (t_area>=14 && contArea[i]>12 && contArea[i]<8000)
- {
- Scalar color = Scalar(0, 255, 255);
- drawContours(dst, contours, i, color, 1);
- P[index_num].emplace_back(boundRect[i].center);
- boundRect[i].points(rect);
- float ca = calc(rect);
- scale[index_num] = ca;
- // cout<<"长宽比"<<ca<<endl;
- }
- }
- }
- add = 12;
- for (int j=0;j<3;j++)
- for (int k=5;k<9;k++){
- if ((t_x>x[k]&&t_x<x[k+1])&&(t_y>y[j]&&t_y<y[j+1])){
- int index_num = j*4+(k-5)+1+add;
- if (t_area>=14 && contArea[i]>12 && contArea[i]<8000)
- {
- Scalar color = Scalar(0, 255, 255);
- drawContours(dst, contours, i, color, 1);
- P[index_num].emplace_back(boundRect[i].center);
- boundRect[i].points(rect);
- float ca = calc(rect);
- scale[index_num] = ca;
- }
- }
- }
- add = 24;
- for (int j=0;j<3;j++)
- for (int k=10;k<14;k++){
- if ((t_x>x[k]&&t_x<x[k+1])&&(t_y>y[j]&&t_y<y[j+1])){
- int index_num = j*4+(k-10)+1+add;
- if (t_area>=14 && contArea[i]>12 && contArea[i]<8000)
- {
- Scalar color = Scalar(0, 255, 255);
- drawContours(dst, contours, i, color, 1);
- P[index_num].emplace_back(boundRect[i].center);
- boundRect[i].points(rect);
- float ca = calc(rect);
- scale[index_num] = ca;
- }
- }
- }
- }
- imshow ("test3", dst);
- imwrite ("dst.jpg",dst);
- waitKey(1);
- for (int i=0;i<37;i++){
- if (!P[i].empty() && P[i].size()<3){ //有2个果蝇才处理
- flies[i].Trajectory(P[i]);
- flies[i].update_state(P[i],time);
- flies[i].update_scale(scale[i]);
- string text =" ";
- string text1 = to_string(i);
- // if (flies[i].fly_state == 0)
- // text = "0";
- // if (flies[i].fly_state == 1)
- // if (flies[i].is_court || flies[i].buff_time1/fps>3)
- // text = "Court";
- // else
- // text = "MCourt";
- // if (flies[i].fly_state == 2)
- // text = "MMate";
- // if (flies[i].fly_state == 3)
- // text = "Mate";
- // putText(dst, text, flies[i].fly2.back(), cv::FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 1, cv::Scalar(0, 120, 255), 2);
- // if (i==32){
- // text=to_string(scale[i]);
- // putText(dst, text, flies[i].fly2.back(), cv::FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 1, cv::Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2);
- // }
- // if (flies[i].stop_judge(1))
- // putText(dst, "stop", flies[i].fly1.back(), cv::FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 1, cv::Scalar(0, 255, 255), 2);
- // else
- // putText(dst, "move", flies[i].fly1.back(), cv::FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 1, cv::Scalar(0, 255, 255), 2);
- }
- }
- }
- void board::csv_output(int pos) {
- cout<<"output to csv"<<endl;
- string file = "output_"+to_string(pos+1)+".csv";
- float CI;
- std::ofstream myfile;
- myfile.open (file);
- myfile << " ," << "courtship_duration(min),"<<"mate_duration(min),"<<"CI,"<<"court start time(min),"<<"mate start time(min),"<<"mate end time(min)"<<endl;
- for (int i = 0; i< 37; i++)
- {
- if (flies[i].mate_start == 0)
- CI = 0;
- else
- CI = (float)flies[i].courtship_time/(flies[i].mate_start-flies[i].court_start);
- myfile << i<< ","<< flies[i].courtship_time/flies[i].fps/60<< ","<<flies[i].mate_time/flies[i].fps/60 << "," << CI <<","<<flies[i].court_start/flies[i].fps/60<<","<<flies[i].mate_start/flies[i].fps/60<<","<<(flies[i].mate_start+flies[i].mate_time)/flies[i].fps/60<<endl;
- }
- myfile.close();
- }
board.cpp at commit c013d35, under MIT · at the source
Overview
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
Abstract
Male Drosophila courtship behavior is a key model for studying temporal decision-making. While courtship index (CI) is widely used to quantify mating activity, other timing metrics like courtship latency, copulation latency (CL), and mating duration (MD) remain understudied. Traditional methods for quantifying these behaviors are often labor-intensive and prone to human error. In this study, we present a protocol combining a modular chamber system and automated software (DrosoMating) to quantify six key timing metrics during male courtship. Our image-based video analysis enables precise identification of courtship and copulation events, as well as quantification of their timing and duration under controlled conditions. Validation shows <0.05% error rates and 98–99% agreement with manual scoring for CL, CI, and MD. The protocol supports genetic and neural circuit manipulations, detecting subtle genetic, social, and environmental behavioral variations. By minimizing manual effort and standardizing data collection, this approach facilitates scalable, reproducible studies on adaptive trade-offs, learning, and neural mechanisms in mating behavior. This method streamlines timing analysis in male courtship, offering reproducible metrics for behavioral genetics.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repositories
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.
hcls-kimlab/drosomating
c013d35e93fab73edd4dda032475fa51b8ca6d2b, 20 August 2024Availability: 1 check, the latest on 9 November 2026: the link answers
- 9 November 2026: the link answers
12 files
- fly_state_new/
board.cpp , C++, 457 lines - fly_state_new/
board.h , C/C++, 47 lines - fly_state_new/
cmake-build-debug/ , C, 665 linesCMakeFiles/ 3.15.3/ CompilerIdC/ CMakeCCompilerId.c - fly_state_new/
cmake-build-debug/ , C++, 644 linesCMakeFiles/ 3.15.3/ CompilerIdCXX/ CMakeCXXCompilerId.cpp - fly_state_new/
main.cpp , C++, 84 lines - fly_state_new/
state.cpp , C++, 313 lines - fly_state_new/
state.h , C/C++, 51 lines - key/
cmake-build-debug/ , C, 665 linesCMakeFiles/ 3.15.3/ CompilerIdC/ CMakeCCompilerId.c - key/
cmake-build-debug/ , C++, 644 linesCMakeFiles/ 3.15.3/ CompilerIdCXX/ CMakeCXXCompilerId.cpp - key/
main.cpp , C++, 77 lines - LICENSE, License, 21 lines
- README.md, Text, 88 lines
liuxiao916/Fruit_Flies
b3beb2f7a6b2af95f677d1edadfdd249a0c5941a, 12 May 2025Availability: 1 check, the latest on 9 November 2026: the link answers
- 9 November 2026: the link answers
12 files
- fly_state_new/
board.cpp , C++, 457 lines - fly_state_new/
board.h , C/C++, 47 lines - fly_state_new/
cmake-build-debug/ , C, 665 linesCMakeFiles/ 3.15.3/ CompilerIdC/ CMakeCCompilerId.c - fly_state_new/
cmake-build-debug/ , C++, 644 linesCMakeFiles/ 3.15.3/ CompilerIdCXX/ CMakeCXXCompilerId.cpp - fly_state_new/
main.cpp , C++, 84 lines - fly_state_new/
state.cpp , C++, 313 lines - fly_state_new/
state.h , C/C++, 51 lines - key/
cmake-build-debug/ , C, 665 linesCMakeFiles/ 3.15.3/ CompilerIdC/ CMakeCCompilerId.c - key/
cmake-build-debug/ , C++, 644 linesCMakeFiles/ 3.15.3/ CompilerIdCXX/ CMakeCXXCompilerId.cpp - key/
main.cpp , C++, 77 lines - LICENSE, License, 21 lines
- README.md, Text, 41 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
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Data
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Data availability
The code for the analyses presented in this paper is openly accessible at https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
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Version 1, 9 November 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 7 authors, 5 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 59 references, 18 RRIDs.
Cite
This paper
Song, Y., Miao, H., Sun, D., Liu, X., Jiang, F., Yang, X., & Kim, W. J. (2026). Simple methods to acutely measure multiple timing metrics among the sexual repertoire of male &
BibTeX
@article{song2026simple,
author = {Song, Yutong and Miao, Hongyu and Sun, Dongyu and Liu, Xiao and Jiang, Fan and Yang, Xuejiao and Kim, Woo Jae},
title = {{Simple methods to acutely measure multiple timing metrics among the sexual repertoire of male \&
journal = {eLife},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
volume = {15},
pages = {RP109742},
publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
issn = {2050-084X},
doi = {10.7554/
url = {https://
pmid = {42992539},
pmcid = {PMC13743079}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Song, Yutong
AU - Miao, Hongyu
AU - Sun, Dongyu
AU - Liu, Xiao
AU - Jiang, Fan
AU - Yang, Xuejiao
AU - Kim, Woo Jae
TI - Simple methods to acutely measure multiple timing metrics among the sexual repertoire of male &
T2 - eLife
J2 - eLife
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 15
SP - RP109742
SN - 2050-084X
PB - eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
DO - 10.7554/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
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{
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"container-title-short":
"volume": "15",
"page": "RP109742",
"DOI": "10.7554/
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"ISSN": "2050-084X",
"publisher": "eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd",
"URL": "https://
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
11,
6
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]
}
}
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