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Mitochondrial toxins cause widespread downregulation of pathways in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism patient-derived neurons.

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Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

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The authors' code

Rust · 38 lines · 1.5 KB · BSD-3-Clause

  1. //! Replicate a BAM N times into a larger BAM for align-mode timing benchmarks.
  2. //! Each copy's records stay contiguous, so per-fragment name grouping (by
  3. //! adjacency) is preserved — copies are simply counted as additional fragments.
  4. //!
  5. //! Usage: replicate_bam <in.bam> <out.bam> <n>
  6. use noodles_bam as bam;
  7. use noodles_sam::alignment::io::Write as _;
  8. fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
  9. let mut args = std::env::args().skip(1);
  10. let input = args.next().expect("in.bam");
  11. let output = args.next().expect("out.bam");
  12. let n: usize = args.next().expect("n").parse()?;
  13. // Read the whole input into memory: this is a benchmarking aid run on small
  14. // BAMs, so simplicity beats streaming.
  15. let mut reader = bam::io::Reader::new(std::fs::File::open(&input)?);
  16. let header = reader.read_header()?;
  17. let recs: Vec<_> = reader
  18. .record_bufs(&header)
  19. .collect::<std::io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
  20. eprintln!("read {} records; writing {} copies", recs.len(), n);
  21. let mut writer = bam::io::Writer::new(std::io::BufWriter::new(std::fs::File::create(&output)?));
  22. writer.write_header(&header)?;
  23. // Emit the records N times *in blocks*, not interleaved. Alignment mode
  24. // groups a fragment's records by adjacency, so each block's copies read as
  25. // additional fragments rather than corrupting the grouping.
  26. for _ in 0..n {
  27. for r in &recs {
  28. writer.write_alignment_record(&header, r)?;
  29. }
  30. }
  31. writer.finish(&header)?;
  32. eprintln!("wrote {} records total", recs.len() * n);
  33. Ok(())
  34. }

replicate_bam.rs at commit ed926b8, under BSD-3-Clause · at the source

Overview

Authors: Karen Grütz1, Axel Künstner2, Christin Krause3, Letizia Santinelli1, Sören Franzenburg4, Jenny Ghelfi5, Anne Grünewald5, Raymond L Rosales6, Norbert Brüggemann1,7, Hauke Busch2, Christine Klein1, Philip Seibler1
ORCID iDs: Philip Seibler
  1. Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
  2. Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
  3. University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
  4. Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
  5. Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
  6. University of Santo Tomas, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery - Neurosciences and Research Center for Health Sciences, Manila, Philippines
  7. Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
Journal: Stem cell reports, volume 21, issue 6, article 102920
Dates: received 4 July 2025; accepted 9 April 2026; published online 7 May 2026; in print June 2026
Type: Brief report · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.102920 · PMID 42102821 · PMCID PMC13261877 · OpenAlex W7160514374
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: genetics / omics (modality), human (organism), other condition (population), Parkinson's (population), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Statistics
Keywords: X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism, iPSC, cortical neurons, transcriptome analysis, DNA damage
MeSH: Down-Regulation*, Dystonic Disorders*, Genetic Diseases, X-Linked*, Mitochondria*, Neurons*, DNA Damage, Histone Acetyltransferases, Humans, Mutation, TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors, Transcription Factor TFIID, Transcriptome (* major topic)
Topic: Neurological disorders and treatments (Neurology, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: German Research Foundation (FOR2488); Universität zu Lübeck; Federal Ministry of Education and Research Bonn Office (FKZ 01KD2103A)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 30 references in the paper
Research resources: Rat monoclonal anti-CTIP2 RRID:AB_2064130, Rabbit polyclonal anti-Tbr1 RRID:AB_2200219, Mouse monoclonal anti-TUJ1 RRID:AB_2313773, Rabbit polyclonal anti-vGlut1 RRID:AB_887875, Mouse monoclonal anti-MAP2 RRID:AB_94856

Abstract

The genetic mechanism underlying the neurodegenerative movement disorder X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP) involves a retrotransposon insertion within the TAF1 gene. TAF1 encodes the TATA-box binding protein-associated factor 1, the largest subunit of the basal transcription factor TFIID, which connects transcription activation to the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex at the core promoter of genes. This study investigated how the TAF1 mutation affects the transcriptomes of XDP patient-derived neurons under basal conditions and in response to mitochondrial toxins. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that, under basal conditions, patient-derived neurons exhibited predominantly upregulated pathways compared to controls. However, exposure to mitochondrial toxins induced a global shift toward downregulation of pathways in XDP neurons, affecting genome maintenance, epigenetic regulation, adaptive neuronal function, and transcription. Our findings suggest that neurons from XDP patients are more susceptible to mitochondrial stress than controls, leading to widespread transcriptomic downregulation and increased DNA damage.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

COMBINE-lab/Salmon

License: BSD-3-Clause
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: ed926b8f6120c592ba13e696fe24732004ee0132, 25 September 2026
Languages: Rust (88), Shell (4), TypeScript (1)
Size: 176 files, 93 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the resources table
Holds: README, license file, environment (Dockerfile), tests, continuous integration, documentation
Not found: CITATION.cff
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers
95 files

pachterlab/sleuth

License: GPL-3.0
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 15457c45697bf9c4e0b593c2a9e187c3bb6a5cb3, 28 May 2025
Languages: R (22), Shell (1), Python (1)
Size: 105 files, 24 scripts
Software Heritage: archived
Found in: the resources table
Holds: README, license file, environment (DESCRIPTION), tests, documentation, 1 notebook
Not found: CITATION.cff, continuous integration
Tools: tidyverse (15 files), data.table (10 files), reshape2 (2 files), ggplot2 (1 file), pheatmap (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers
26 files

datapplab/gage

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: d99df9a469281bb763888db97df56b0d0b41bbc5, 27 August 2022
Languages: R (32)
Size: 70 files, 32 scripts
Software Heritage: archived
Found in: the resources table
Holds: README, environment (DESCRIPTION), documentation
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, tests, continuous integration
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers
33 files

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

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  • 3 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 149 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
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Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

Datasets cited

Data and code availability

RNA-seq data have been deposited at GEO: GSE300875 (https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE300875) and are publicly available as of the date of publication. All other data will be shared with the research community upon reasonable request.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 2, 28 September 2026

  • Authors: added Philip Seibler (0000-0002-3496-7194); removed Philip Seibler

Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 12 authors, 5 keywords, 12 MeSH terms, 3 funders, 29 references, 5 RRIDs.

Cite

This paper

Grütz, K., Künstner, A., Krause, C., Santinelli, L., Franzenburg, S., Ghelfi, J., Grünewald, A., Rosales, R. L., Brüggemann, N., Busch, H., Klein, C., & Seibler, P. (2026). Mitochondrial toxins cause widespread downregulation of pathways in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism patient-derived neurons. Stem cell reports, 21(6), 102920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.102920

BibTeX

@article{grutz2026mitochondrial,
author = {Grütz, Karen and Künstner, Axel and Krause, Christin and Santinelli, Letizia and Franzenburg, Sören and Ghelfi, Jenny and Grünewald, Anne and Rosales, Raymond L and Brüggemann, Norbert and Busch, Hauke and Klein, Christine and Seibler, Philip},
title = {{Mitochondrial toxins cause widespread downregulation of pathways in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism patient-derived neurons}},
journal = {Stem cell reports},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {21},
number = {6},
pages = {102920},
publisher = {Elsevier},
issn = {2213-6711},
doi = {10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.102920},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.102920},
pmid = {42102821},
pmcid = {PMC13261877}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Grütz, Karen
AU - Künstner, Axel
AU - Krause, Christin
AU - Santinelli, Letizia
AU - Franzenburg, Sören
AU - Ghelfi, Jenny
AU - Grünewald, Anne
AU - Rosales, Raymond L
AU - Brüggemann, Norbert
AU - Busch, Hauke
AU - Klein, Christine
AU - Seibler, Philip
TI - Mitochondrial toxins cause widespread downregulation of pathways in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism patient-derived neurons
T2 - Stem cell reports
J2 - Stem Cell Reports
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/07
VL - 21
IS - 6
SP - 102920
SN - 2213-6711
PB - Elsevier
DO - 10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.102920
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.102920
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"id": "10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.102920",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Mitochondrial toxins cause widespread downregulation of pathways in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism patient-derived neurons",
"container-title": "Stem cell reports",
"author": [
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{
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"family": "Franzenburg",
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},
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"family": "Ghelfi",
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{
"family": "Grünewald",
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{
"family": "Rosales",
"given": "Raymond L"
},
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],
"container-title-short": "Stem Cell Reports",
"volume": "21",
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"page": "102920",
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