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A pegivirus associated with encephalitis in red-legged partridges shows neurotropism across avian species.

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Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

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The authors' code

R · 245 lines · 7.4 KB · MIT

  1. # ===============================================================
  2. # 🧪 Table Analyzer — One-way ANOVA Module (Validated Version)
  3. # ===============================================================
  4. one_way_anova_ui <- function(id) {
  5. ns <- NS(id)
  6. list(
  7. config = tagList(
  8. uiOutput(ns("inputs")),
  9. uiOutput(ns("level_order")),
  10. tags$details(
  11. tags$summary(strong("Advanced options")),
  12. stratification_ui("strat", ns)
  13. ),
  14. br(),
  15. fluidRow(
  16. column(
  17. 6,
  18. with_help_tooltip(
  19. actionButton(ns("run"), "Run analysis", width = "100%"),
  20. "Run the ANOVA using the selected response and group variable."
  21. )
  22. ),
  23. column(
  24. 6,
  25. with_help_tooltip(
  26. downloadButton(ns("download_all"), "Download results", style = "width: 100%;"),
  27. "Export the ANOVA summaries, post-hoc tests, and diagnostics."
  28. )
  29. )
  30. )
  31. ),
  32. results = uiOutput(ns("summary_ui"))
  33. )
  34. }
  35. one_way_anova_server <- function(id, filtered_data) {
  36. moduleServer(id, function(input, output, session) {
  37. ns <- session$ns
  38. responses <- multi_response_server("response", filtered_data)
  39. strat_info <- stratification_server("strat", filtered_data)
  40. # -----------------------------------------------------
  41. # UI inputs
  42. # -----------------------------------------------------
  43. output$inputs <- renderUI({
  44. req(filtered_data())
  45. data <- filtered_data()
  46. cat_cols <- names(data)[sapply(data, is.factor) | sapply(data, is.character)]
  47. validate(
  48. need(length(cat_cols) > 0,
  49. "No categorical predictor available. Please upload a factor or character variable.")
  50. )
  51. tagList(
  52. multi_response_ui(ns("response")),
  53. with_help_tooltip(
  54. selectInput(
  55. ns("group"),
  56. "Categorical predictor",
  57. choices = cat_cols,
  58. selected = cat_cols[1]
  59. ),
  60. "Choose the grouping variable that defines the comparison categories."
  61. )
  62. )
  63. })
  64. # -----------------------------------------------------
  65. # Order of levels
  66. # -----------------------------------------------------
  67. output$level_order <- renderUI({
  68. req(filtered_data(), input$group)
  69. levels <- resolve_order_levels(filtered_data()[[input$group]])
  70. with_help_tooltip(
  71. selectInput(
  72. ns("order"),
  73. "Order of levels (first = post-hoc reference)",
  74. choices = levels,
  75. selected = levels,
  76. multiple = TRUE
  77. ),
  78. "Arrange the group levels; the first level is used as the reference for post-hoc comparisons."
  79. )
  80. })
  81. # -----------------------------------------------------
  82. # Run models
  83. # -----------------------------------------------------
  84. models <- eventReactive(input$run, {
  85. df <- filtered_data()
  86. req(df, input$group)
  87. resp_vals <- responses()
  88. # ------------------------
  89. # Validations
  90. # ------------------------
  91. validate(
  92. need(length(resp_vals) > 0,
  93. "Select at least one response variable.")
  94. )
  95. validate(
  96. need(all(sapply(df[resp_vals], is.numeric)),
  97. "All selected response variables must be numeric.")
  98. )
  99. # Response variance
  100. for (r in resp_vals) {
  101. validate(
  102. need(stats::var(df[[r]], na.rm = TRUE) > 0,
  103. paste("Response", r, "has zero variance and cannot be analyzed."))
  104. )
  105. }
  106. # Group must have >= 2 levels
  107. grp <- df[[input$group]]
  108. validate(
  109. need(dplyr::n_distinct(grp, na.rm = TRUE) > 1,
  110. paste0("Categorical predictor '", input$group, "' must contain at least two levels."))
  111. )
  112. # Order must have >= 2 items
  113. validate(
  114. need(length(input$order) > 1,
  115. paste0("The level order for '", input$group, "' must contain at least two levels."))
  116. )
  117. # Order must match data
  118. actual_levels <- unique(grp)
  119. missing_levels <- setdiff(input$order, actual_levels)
  120. validate(
  121. need(length(missing_levels) == 0,
  122. paste0("Invalid level order for '", input$group,
  123. "'. Some selected levels are not present in the filtered data: ",
  124. paste(missing_levels, collapse = ", ")))
  125. )
  126. # Stratification checks
  127. s_info <- strat_info()
  128. if (!is.null(s_info$var)) {
  129. validate(
  130. need(!identical(s_info$var, input$group),
  131. paste0("Stratification variable '", s_info$var,
  132. "' cannot be the same as the categorical predictor."))
  133. )
  134. for (lev in s_info$levels) {
  135. sub_df <- df[df[[s_info$var]] == lev, ]
  136. k <- dplyr::n_distinct(sub_df[[input$group]], na.rm = TRUE)
  137. validate(
  138. need(k > 1,
  139. paste0("In stratum '", lev, "', categorical predictor '", input$group,
  140. "' contains fewer than two levels."))
  141. )
  142. }
  143. }
  144. # -----------------------------------------------------
  145. # Run the main stratified ANOVA preparation
  146. # -----------------------------------------------------
  147. prepare_stratified_anova(
  148. df = df,
  149. responses = resp_vals,
  150. model = "oneway_anova",
  151. factor1_var = input$group,
  152. factor1_order = input$order,
  153. stratification = strat_info()
  154. )
  155. })
  156. # -----------------------------------------------------
  157. # Download handler
  158. # -----------------------------------------------------
  159. output$download_all <- downloadHandler(
  160. filename = function() {
  161. info <- models()
  162. n_resp <- length(info$responses)
  163. label <- if (!is.null(info$strata$var)) {
  164. paste0("stratified_by_", janitor::make_clean_names(info$strata$var))
  165. } else {
  166. NULL
  167. }
  168. response_tag <- if (n_resp == 1) {
  169. janitor::make_clean_names(info$responses[1])
  170. } else {
  171. paste0(n_resp, "resp")
  172. }
  173. build_export_filename(
  174. analysis = "anova",
  175. scope = "all",
  176. extra = c(response_tag, label)
  177. )
  178. },
  179. content = function(file) download_all_anova_results(models(), file)
  180. )
  181. # -----------------------------------------------------
  182. # Summary UI
  183. # -----------------------------------------------------
  184. output$summary_ui <- renderUI({
  185. render_anova_results(ns, models(), "One-way ANOVA")
  186. })
  187. # Forwarding other outputs
  188. bind_anova_outputs(ns, output, models)
  189. # -----------------------------------------------------
  190. # Exportable ANOVA results object
  191. # -----------------------------------------------------
  192. anova_results <- reactive({
  193. mod <- models()
  194. req(mod)
  195. res <- compile_anova_results(mod)
  196. list(
  197. analysis_type = "ANOVA",
  198. type = "oneway_anova",
  199. data_used = mod$data_used,
  200. model = mod$models,
  201. summary = res$summary,
  202. posthoc = res$posthoc,
  203. effects = res$effects,
  204. stats = list(
  205. n = nrow(mod$data_used),
  206. vars = names(mod$data_used)
  207. ),
  208. errors = res$errors,
  209. responses = mod$responses,
  210. strata = mod$strata,
  211. factors = mod$factors,
  212. orders = mod$orders
  213. )
  214. })
  215. return(anova_results)
  216. })
  217. }

anova_oneway_analysis.R at commit 39ca8fe, under MIT · at the source

Overview

Authors: Miguel Matos1, Ivana Bilic1, Nicolas Viloux2, Barbara Jaskulska1, Fatou Geißler1, Yasamin Vali3, Eberhard Ludewig3, Olivier Albaric4, Susanne Richter5, Dieter Liebhart1, Nicola Palmieri1, Michael Hess1,6
  1. Clinical Unit for Poultry Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine,Vienna, Austria
  2. Labovet Conseil, Les Herbiers, France
  3. Diagnostic Imaging - Clinical Center for Small Animal Health and Research, University of Veterinary Medicine,Vienna, Austria
  4. Independent Pathologist, Lasseube, France
  5. Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Division for Animal Health, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety,Mödling, Austria
  6. Present Address: Histovac GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
Journal: Nature communications, volume 17, issue 1, article 7200
Dates: received 13 June 2025; accepted 13 May 2026; published online 5 June 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-73858-8 · PMID 42248885 · PMCID PMC13396197 · OpenAlex W7163668803
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: histology / microscopy (modality), other (organism), other condition (population)
Methods: Statistics
Keywords: Viral pathogenesis, Virus-host interactions, Infection, Pathogens
MeSH: Bird Diseases*, Encephalitis, Viral*, Flaviviridae Infections*, Galliformes*, Pegivirus*, Poultry Diseases*, Viral Tropism*, Animals, Brain, Chickens, Neurons, Phylogeny, RNA, Viral, Virus Replication (* major topic)
Topic: Mosquito-borne diseases and control (Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 41 references in the paper

Abstract

Pegiviruses are generally regarded as non-pathogenic viruses with controversial clinical significance. Here, we describe an avian pegivirus (partridge pegivirus, ParPgV) associated with field outbreaks of encephalitis in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). Next-generation sequencing identified ParPgV in brain tissues, revealing two distinct avian-origin pegiviruses. Histopathology and electron microscopy revealed encephalitic lesions, neuronal degeneration, and viral particles within neurons. Field surveillance demonstrated widespread vertical transmission across multiple partridge flocks. Experimental inoculation of red-legged partridges, grey partridges, and specific-pathogen-free chickens demonstrated viral neurotropism and systemic distribution with differences in humoral immune response. Infected red-legged partridges developed cerebellar atrophy detectable by MRI. Detection of negative-strand RNA replication intermediates confirmed active viral replication across different experimental hosts, and RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry further confirmed viral RNA and antigen in neural and lymphoid tissues. Here, we show experimental evidence supporting an association between a pegivirus and encephalitis, and suggest underappreciated neuropathogenic potential.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

nicola-palmieri/TableAnalyzer

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 39ca8febd375f58353e7c8d0135f2adb4fd3eab1, 15 September 2026
Languages: R (60)
Size: 110 files, 60 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Code availability”
Holds: README, tests, documentation
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, continuous integration
Tools: tidyverse (20 files), patchwork (11 files), ggplot2 (9 files), car (5 files), lme4 (3 files), emmeans (2 files), lmerTest (2 files), broom (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers
61 files

Zenodo 19233119

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: the references
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: tidyverse (18 files), patchwork (11 files), ggplot2 (8 files), car (4 files), emmeans (2 files), lme4 (2 files), lmerTest (2 files), broom (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
53 files
At the source:

Code availability

Serological data were assessed with Table Analyzer (Version 388 v1.10), an R Shiny web application publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/nicola-palmieri/TableAnalyzer)41.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 2 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 112 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

Datasets cited

Data availability

The complete genome sequences of ParPgV-A and ParPgV-C have been deposited in the NCBI GenBank under accession numbers PV472371 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/PV472371.1/) and PV472372 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/PV472372.1/), respectively. The raw sequencing data from all field samples used as inocula were submitted into the NCBI SRA database, under the BioProject PRJNA1314175 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA1314175/). Data under accessions SAMN50922524 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/SAMN50922524/) and SAMN50922527 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/SAMN50922527/) correspond to the inoculum used for animal experiment in grey partridges, whereas data with accessions SAMN50922526 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/SAMN50922526/) and SAMN50922529 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/SAMN50922529/) are from the inoculum used in animal experiments performed in red-legged partridges and SPF chickens. All other data supporting the findings of this study, including viral load measurements, histopathology evaluations, serological data, statistical source data, primers, probes, cycling conditions, and amino acid identity matrix, are available within the manuscript and its Supplementary files/Source data file. Source data are provided with this paper.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 12 authors, 4 keywords, 14 MeSH terms, 41 references.

Cite

This paper

Matos, M., Bilic, I., Viloux, N., Jaskulska, B., Geißler, F., Vali, Y., Ludewig, E., Albaric, O., Richter, S., Liebhart, D., Palmieri, N., & Hess, M. (2026). A pegivirus associated with encephalitis in red-legged partridges shows neurotropism across avian species. Nature communications, 17(1), 7200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73858-8

BibTeX

@article{matos2026pegivirus,
author = {Matos, Miguel and Bilic, Ivana and Viloux, Nicolas and Jaskulska, Barbara and Geißler, Fatou and Vali, Yasamin and Ludewig, Eberhard and Albaric, Olivier and Richter, Susanne and Liebhart, Dieter and Palmieri, Nicola and Hess, Michael},
title = {{A pegivirus associated with encephalitis in red-legged partridges shows neurotropism across avian species}},
journal = {Nature communications},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {7200},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2041-1723},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-73858-8},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73858-8},
pmid = {42248885},
pmcid = {PMC13396197}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Matos, Miguel
AU - Bilic, Ivana
AU - Viloux, Nicolas
AU - Jaskulska, Barbara
AU - Geißler, Fatou
AU - Vali, Yasamin
AU - Ludewig, Eberhard
AU - Albaric, Olivier
AU - Richter, Susanne
AU - Liebhart, Dieter
AU - Palmieri, Nicola
AU - Hess, Michael
TI - A pegivirus associated with encephalitis in red-legged partridges shows neurotropism across avian species
T2 - Nature communications
J2 - Nat Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/05
VL - 17
IS - 1
SP - 7200
SN - 2041-1723
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41467-026-73858-8
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73858-8
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.1038/s41467-026-73858-8",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "A pegivirus associated with encephalitis in red-legged partridges shows neurotropism across avian species",
"container-title": "Nature communications",
"author": [
{
"family": "Matos",
"given": "Miguel"
},
{
"family": "Bilic",
"given": "Ivana"
},
{
"family": "Viloux",
"given": "Nicolas"
},
{
"family": "Jaskulska",
"given": "Barbara"
},
{
"family": "Geißler",
"given": "Fatou"
},
{
"family": "Vali",
"given": "Yasamin"
},
{
"family": "Ludewig",
"given": "Eberhard"
},
{
"family": "Albaric",
"given": "Olivier"
},
{
"family": "Richter",
"given": "Susanne"
},
{
"family": "Liebhart",
"given": "Dieter"
},
{
"family": "Palmieri",
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{
"family": "Hess",
"given": "Michael"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Nat Commun",
"volume": "17",
"issue": "1",
"page": "7200",
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-026-73858-8",
"PMID": "42248885",
"PMCID": "PMC13396197",
"ISSN": "2041-1723",
"publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73858-8",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
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6,
5
]
]
}
}

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