Microtubules in the axon are GDP bound but adopt a stable GTP-like expanded state.
The 2 matches
- [1] § Methods › Single-particle cryo-EM image processing ↔ mask3D_cyl.py, lines 9–39 · score 0.63 · outer diameter, inner diameter, cyl, helical, mrc, command
- [2] § Methods › Single-particle cryo-EM image processing ↔ MTSeamSym.py, lines 97–186 · score 0.58 · neighboring, seam, max, outer, inner, rotation
Paper
Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC
The paper is loaded when this pane is shown.
The authors' code
Python · 107 lines · 3.2 KB · no license · 1 match
mask3D_cyl.py at commit 159aa8b, no license · at the source
Overview
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,Bethesda, MD USA
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute,Bethesda, MD USA
Abstract
Microtubules scaffold cells, supporting signaling and cargo transport. They assemble from GTP–tubulin, which hydrolyzes to GDP–tubulin during polymerization. GTP–microtubule lattices are stable; GDP lattices depolymerize rapidly. In vitro, hydrolysis triggers lattice compaction. Lattice spacing regulates motors and microtubule-associated proteins; however, the conformation of tubulin in microtubules in cells is unknown. Here, we present the atomic-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of human microtubules in situ, in the axons of human cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). Our 2.7-Å-resolution reconstruction delineates bound water molecules and reveals that axonal microtubules adopt an expanded GTP-like lattice, despite being GDP bound. Using cryo-electron tomography and power spectrum analysis, we find that, unlike in axons, microtubules in undifferentiated iPS cells are compacted. Therefore, lattice expansion is part of neuronal differentiation. Our work provides molecular insights into neurogenesis and has implications for understanding microtubule stability and effector recruitment in neurons.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repositories
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 2 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
rui--zhang/Microtubule
159aa8b8a8a62a6684ccc8a88cefb457bd2fbadf, 13 June 2025Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers
- 29 September 2026: the link answers
26 files, not copied: shown from their source
OSCR keeps no copy of these files: this repository has no license that allows it. The reader above shows each one from its source, fetched by your browser at commit 159aa8b, when its fingerprint is the one OSCR verified. How this works.
- MTSeamSym.py — Python, 477 lines, 1 match, shown from its source
- MTSuperPtcl.py — Python, 224 lines, shown from its source
- MTapix2_dimer.py — Python, 196 lines, shown from its source
- MTavg_break_v9.py — Python, 342 lines, shown from its source
- MTllcalc.py — Python, 173 lines, shown from its source
- MTllplot.py — Python, 171 lines, shown from its source
- MTparGetPhilist.py — Python, 197 lines, shown from its source
- MTparGreedy_new3.py — Python, 256 lines, shown from its source
- MTparRotPF.py — Python, 111 lines, shown from its source
- MTparSamePhi2.py — Python, 369 lines, shown from its source
- MTparShift40A.py — Python, 94 lines, shown from its source
- MTparUniPhi.py — Python, 359 lines, shown from its source
- MTpar_selDpres.py — Python, 90 lines, shown from its source
- MTrotPF_v9.py — Python, 125 lines, shown from its source
- MTseam_calDPRES.py — Python, 321 lines, shown from its source
- MTshift40A_v9.py — Python, 93 lines, shown from its source
- MTss_calPRES.py — Python, 327 lines, shown from its source
- MTss_plotDPRES_MT.py — Python, 185 lines, shown from its source
- fre2relion_conv_v2_rel31
_cs_cutoff_NEW2.py — Python, 121 lines, shown from its source - freali-runpar-v9.py — Python, 42 lines, shown from its source
- mask3D_cyl.py — Python, 107 lines, 1 match, shown from its source
- mtFSC.py — Python, 223 lines, shown from its source
- mtSeamSym.py — Python, 477 lines, shown from its source
- plot_histo.py — Python, 68 lines, shown from its source
- relion2freali_rel3.1_cs_
MT.py — Python, 111 lines, shown from its source - README.md — Text, 5 lines, shown from its source
RollmecakLab/Layer-Line-Analysis
e24db88aa95bd28849f30bcc67bc30f2a8979a5a, 19 April 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers
- 29 September 2026: the link answers
4 files, not copied: shown from their source
OSCR keeps no copy of these files: this repository has no license that allows it. The reader above shows each one from its source, fetched by your browser at commit e24db88, when its fingerprint is the one OSCR verified. How this works.
- em2mrc.py — Python, 35 lines, shown from its source
- fit_line.py — Python, 44 lines, shown from its source
- sum_FFTs.py — Python, 44 lines, shown from its source
- README.md — Text, 22 lines, shown from its source
bioinformatics.ccr.cancer.gov/btep/classes
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
- 29 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
Code availability
Scripts used for power spectrum analysis are feely available on GitHub (https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 3 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 28 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 2 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
Datasets cited
- ebi.ac.uk/
pdbe/ — at EMBL-EBI; found in “Data availability”emdb - ebi.ac.uk/
pdbe/ — at EMBL-EBI; found in “Data availability”entry - figshare:29546309 — at figshare; found in DataCite
Data availability
Cryo-EM maps and atomic models were deposited to the EM Data Bank and PDB under accession numbers EMD-70956 (http://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 1, 29 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 4 authors, 2 keywords, 10 MeSH terms, 89 references.
Cite
This paper
Zehr, E. A., Sun, S., Sarbanes, S. L., & Roll-Mecak, A. (2026). Microtubules in the axon are GDP bound but adopt a stable GTP-like expanded state. Nature structural & molecular biology, 33(4), 631-640. https://
BibTeX
@article{zehr2026microtu
author = {Zehr, Elena A. and Sun, Shufeng and Sarbanes, Stephanie L. and Roll-Mecak, Antonina},
title = {{Microtubules in the axon are GDP bound but adopt a stable GTP-like expanded state}},
journal = {Nature structural \& molecular biology},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {33},
number = {4},
pages = {631--640},
publisher = {Nature Portfolio},
issn = {1545-9993},
doi = {10.1038/
url = {https://
pmid = {41951886},
pmcid = {PMC13095656}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Zehr, Elena A.
AU - Sun, Shufeng
AU - Sarbanes, Stephanie L.
AU - Roll-Mecak, Antonina
TI - Microtubules in the axon are GDP bound but adopt a stable GTP-like expanded state
T2 - Nature structural & molecular biology
J2 - Nat Struct Mol Biol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 33
IS - 4
SP - 631
EP - 640
SN - 1545-9993
PB - Nature Portfolio
DO - 10.1038/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.1038/
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Microtubules in the axon are GDP bound but adopt a stable GTP-like expanded state",
"container-title": "Nature structural & molecular biology",
"author": [
{
"family": "Zehr",
"given": "Elena A."
},
{
"family": "Sun",
"given": "Shufeng"
},
{
"family": "Sarbanes",
"given": "Stephanie L."
},
{
"family": "Roll-Mecak",
"given": "Antonina"
}
],
"container-title-short":
"volume": "33",
"issue": "4",
"page": "631-640",
"DOI": "10.1038/
"PMID": "41951886",
"PMCID": "PMC13095656",
"ISSN": "1545-9993",
"publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
"URL": "https://
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
4,
8
]
]
}
}
The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.
Similar papers
The papers with a page that share the most with this one: the tools found in their code, their categories, datasets, cited references and authors, the rarest counting most.
- [1] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75564-x
- Cooperative mechanism of neurotransmitter recognition and transport by the human vesicular polyamine transporter.Journal: Nature communicationsIn common: ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry, histology / microscopy, cellular / molecular, 5 references
- [2] doi:10.1038/s41594-026-01866-9 [code]
- Structural and mechanistic insights into gating and allosteric modulation of GluN1-GluN3A NMDA receptors.Journal: Nature structural & molecular biologyIn common: Matplotlib, NumPy, ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry, histology / microscopy, cellular / molecular, 3 references
- [3] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76831-7
- Structural origins of species-specific differences in TRPV2 activation.Journal: Nature communicationsIn common: ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry, histology / microscopy, cellular / molecular, 4 references
- [4] doi:10.1038/s41594-026-01845-0
- Conformational plasticity of human acid-sensing ion channel 1a.Journal: Nature structural & molecular biologyIn common: ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry, histology / microscopy, cellular / molecular, 3 references
- [5] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75444-4 [code]
- Structural insights enable drug discovery for the neuronal NBCn2 carbonate transporter.Journal: Nature communicationsIn common: Matplotlib, NumPy, ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry, histology / microscopy, cellular / molecular, 2 references
- [6] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75806-y [code]
- Cryo-EM insights into isoform-specific properties of the IP&
lt;sub& gt;3& lt;/ sub& gt;R2 channel. Journal: Nature communicationsIn common: Matplotlib, NumPy, ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry, histology / microscopy, cellular / molecular, 2 references - [7] doi:10.7554/elife.110011 [code]
- Tau hyperphosphorylation impairs cooperative binding to microtubules and perturbs organelle trafficking in neurons.Journal: eLifeIn common: cellular / molecular, 5 references
- [8] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75877-x
- Structure of NHE6 and its lipid-mediated interactions regulating endosomal pH.Journal: Nature communicationsIn common: ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry, histology / microscopy, cellular / molecular, 2 references
- [9] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72780-3
- Structural basis for the transport mechanism and cholesterol modulation of the human proline transporter.Journal: Nature communicationsIn common: ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry, histology / microscopy, cellular / molecular, 2 references
- [10] doi:10.1038/s41467-026-74814-2
- Structural mechanism of Necrocide 1 activation of human TRPM4 that triggers necrosis by sodium overload.Journal: Nature communicationsIn common: ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry, histology / microscopy, cellular / molecular, 2 references
Contribute
The authors of this paper can claim it, correct its record and validate its tracing map, and the maintainers of its code (its owner, or a public member of its organization) correct what it says of their repository; anyone signed in can ask for its removal. Every request goes to OSCR's own machine, which answers it; your account page follows them.
Sign in with ORCID to claim this paper as one of its authors, correct its record or validate its tracing map: when the paper's metadata lists your ORCID iD, you are recognized at once. Maintainers of its code: sign in with GitHub, then claim the repository on your account page.
Claim this paper
Correct its record
Say what each link of this record is, remove the ones that are not the paper's, add the ones that are missing. The correction becomes a new version of the record, in its Versions section.
Validate its tracing map
You validate the map as this page shows it: 3 repositories of the authors' code, each at its verified commit and with its license, 28 scripts, and 2 matches between paragraphs and code (see the Code and Map sections). It then receives a DOI on Zenodo, with you (your ORCID iD) and OSCR as its creators; the code itself is not deposited.
The map's fingerprint: sha256:2e401a709a385b00…
Add the badge to its README
The badge links the code to this page. Copy one of these into the README of the paper's code: only you decide where it goes, and nothing is changed for you.
Markdown
[, paste the snippet at the top, then “Commit changes…” and, to review it first, “Create a new branch and start a pull request”. You open the pull request; OSCR asks for no permission.
Request its removal
To ask OSCR to remove this record, the copies of its authors' scripts or its tracing map, use the removal request page: signed in, you say who you are, what to remove and why, then review and confirm the request. Published rules decide every request (how).
Discussion, reproductions, activity
Discussion: questions and error reports about this paper and its code, from signed-in readers and its authors. It opens with sign-in.
Reproductions: reports from readers who ran the authors' code: what they reproduced, with which environment, commit and data. It opens with sign-in.
Activity: what happens around this paper: new versions of its record, its map's validation, discussions and reproductions. It opens with sign-in.