Empirical validation of race-neutral normative brain morphometry models across ethnoracially diverse populations.

1. Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
2. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY 10029
3. Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
4. Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
5. National Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
6. Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23538, Germany
7. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
8. Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
9. Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
10. IDG McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Center for MRI Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
11. School of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
12. Psychiatric Institute José Horwitz B., Santiago 8420000, Chile
13. Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
14. Department of Neuroscience, University School of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy
15. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
16. NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
17. Munich Center for Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 82152, Germany
18. Department of Neuroscience, Bilkent University Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
19. Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
20. Department of Psychology, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
21. Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187–8551, Japan
22. Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
23. Department of Medical Informatics and Management and Psychiatry, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-857, Japan
24. Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy
25. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
26. First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 10679, Greece
27. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86159, Germany
28. Evidence-Based Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86159, Germany
29. Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, School of Medical Technology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
30. Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033

@article{ge2026empirical,
author = {Ge, Ruiyang and Yu, Yuetong and New, Faye and Haas, Shalaila S and Sanford, Nicole and Yu, Kevin and Allen, Paul and Arslan, Seda and Avram, Mihai and Borgwardt, Stefan and Crossley, Nicolas A and de la Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo and Fukunaga, Masaki and Gao, Jia-Hong and Gonzalez-Valderrama, Alfonso and Hashimoto, Ryota and Iasevoli, Felice and Keeser, Daniel and Kubat, Kader and Kumari, Veena and Matsumoto, Junya and Mehta, Urvakhsh M and Nemoto, Kiyotaka and Pontillo, Giuseppe and Raabe, Florian J and Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco and Roy, Neelabja and Şahin-Çevik, Didenur and Sahin-Ilikoglu, Tuba and Toulopoulou, Timothea and Wagner, Elias and Yang, Guoyuan and Zurita, Mariana and Thompson, Paul M and Frangou, Sophia},
title = {{Empirical validation of race-neutral normative brain morphometry models across ethnoracially diverse populations}},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {123},
number = {20},
pages = {e2521055123},
publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
issn = {0027-8424},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2521055123},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2521055123},
pmid = {42118844},
pmcid = {PMC13187733}
}

TY - JOUR
AU - Ge, Ruiyang
AU - Yu, Yuetong
AU - New, Faye
AU - Haas, Shalaila S
AU - Sanford, Nicole
AU - Yu, Kevin
AU - Allen, Paul
AU - Arslan, Seda
AU - Avram, Mihai
AU - Borgwardt, Stefan
AU - Crossley, Nicolas A
AU - de la Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo
AU - Fukunaga, Masaki
AU - Gao, Jia-Hong
AU - Gonzalez-Valderrama, Alfonso
AU - Hashimoto, Ryota
AU - Iasevoli, Felice
AU - Keeser, Daniel
AU - Kubat, Kader
AU - Kumari, Veena
AU - Matsumoto, Junya
AU - Mehta, Urvakhsh M
AU - Nemoto, Kiyotaka
AU - Pontillo, Giuseppe
AU - Raabe, Florian J
AU - Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco
AU - Roy, Neelabja
AU - Şahin-Çevik, Didenur
AU - Sahin-Ilikoglu, Tuba
AU - Toulopoulou, Timothea
AU - Wagner, Elias
AU - Yang, Guoyuan
AU - Zurita, Mariana
AU - Thompson, Paul M
AU - Frangou, Sophia
TI - Empirical validation of race-neutral normative brain morphometry models across ethnoracially diverse populations
T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/12
VL - 123
IS - 20
SP - e2521055123
SN - 0027-8424
PB - National Academy of Sciences
DO - 10.1073/pnas.2521055123
UR - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2521055123
LA - en
ER -

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