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Antenatal maternal anaemia and infant brain structure: high-field (3 T) and ultra-low-field (64 mT) MRI findings from South Africa.

Code ↔ Paper

9 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

The 9 matches
  1. [1] § Materials and methods › Measures › Neuroimaging outcomes › Neuroimaging processing ↔ app/main.sh, lines 1–40 · score 0.99 · callosal parcellations, ANTs Atropos, supratentorial tissue, Subcortical grey matter, template space, native space
  2. [2] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis › Sample characteristics ↔ Khula_AnaemiaImagingAnalysis.qmd, lines 5522–5562 · score 0.81 · duplicated demographic, chi squared, avoid skewing, clinical observations, multiple scans acquired, categorical variables
  3. [3] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis › Neuroimaging regions of interest ↔ Khula_AnaemiaImagingAnalysis.qmd, lines 2253–2296 · score 0.75 · mid anterior, mid posterior, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, brain volume, caudate nucleus
  4. [4] § Results › Primary analysis: antenatal maternal anaemia | HF and ULF MRI › Modelling: antenatal maternal anaemia status ↔ Khula_AnaemiaImagingAnalysis.qmd, lines 2253–2296 · score 0.72 · linear growth trajectories, logarithmic transformation, linear relationship, absolute age, corpus callosum, LME models
  5. [5] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis › Secondary analysis: postnatal child anaemia status ↔ Khula_AnaemiaImagingAnalysis.qmd, lines 6863–6884 · score 0.69 · postnatal exposures, regional child brain, postnatal child anaemia, volumes remained, regional brain volumes, predictor
  6. [6] § Materials and methods › Measures › Anaemia status ↔ Khula_AnaemiaImagingAnalysis.qmd, lines 5382–5416 · score 0.68 · Minimum child haemoglobin, corresponding age, 3–24, multiple scans, diagnosis, child anaemia status
  7. [7] § Materials and methods › Statistical analysis › Primary analysis: antenatal maternal anaemia status › Statistical modelling ↔ Khula_AnaemiaImagingAnalysis.qmd, lines 338–363 · score 0.66 · absolute regional brain, linear mixed, individual infant, volume trajectories, ULF subsamples, fitted
  8. [8] § Materials and methods › Measures › Contextual measures ↔ Khula_AnaemiaImagingAnalysis.qmd, lines 76–171 · score 0.63 · maternal education, maternal employment, household income, maternal HIV, variables, sex
  9. [9] § Results › Primary analysis: antenatal maternal anaemia | HF and ULF MRI › Exploratory analyses: antenatal maternal anaemia status ↔ Khula_AnaemiaImagingAnalysis.qmd, lines 4870–4903 · score 0.61 · basal ganglia, rapid growth, growth trajectory, corpus callosum, LOESS curves, brain volumes

Paper

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The authors' code

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Overview

Authors: Jessica E Ringshaw1,2,3, Michal R Zieff1, Niall J Bourke3, Chiara Casella4,5, Layla E Bradford1,2, Simone R Williams1,2, Donna Herr1, Marlie Miles1,2, Carly Bennallick3, Khula South Africa Data Collection Team, Sean Deoni6, Jonathan O’Muircheartaigh4,5,7, Dan J Stein2,8, Daniel C Alexander9, Derek K Jones10, Steven C R Williams3, Kirsten A Donald1,2
ORCID iDs: Jessica E Ringshaw, Niall J Bourke, Chiara Casella, Layla E Bradford, Jonathan O’Muircheartaigh, Dan J Stein, Daniel C Alexander, Derek K Jones, Steven C R Williams, Kirsten A Donald
  1. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
  2. Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
  3. Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, England, UK
  4. Research Department of Early Life Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, England, UK
  5. Department for Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England, UK
  6. Maternal, Newborn, Child Nutrition and Health (MNCH) Discovery and Translational (D&T) Sciences Program, Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
  7. Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, England, UK
  8. South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
  9. Hawkes Institute and Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, England, UK
  10. Cardiff University Brain Imaging Research Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
Institutions: University of Cape Town (South Africa); King's College London (United Kingdom); Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (South Africa); Gates Foundation (United States); MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (United Kingdom); Medical Research Council (United Kingdom); South African Medical Research Council (South Africa); University College London (United Kingdom); Cardiff University (United Kingdom)
Journal: Brain communications, volume 8, issue 5, article fcag318
Dates: received 8 December 2025; accepted 4 August 2026; published online 8 September 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1093/braincomms/fcag318 · PMID 42713352 · PMCID PMC13553114 · OpenAlex W7212063535
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: structural MRI / diffusion (modality), human (organism), developmental (subfield)
Methods: Connectivity, Statistics, Preprocessing, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: neuroimaging, high-field MRI, ultra-low-field MRI, antenatal maternal anaemia, child brain structure
Topic: Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications (Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-023509); Gates Foundation (INV-090982, INV-047888, INV-023509); UK Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office; Wellcome Trust Research Enrichment Public Engagement (224287/Z/21/A); Wellcome Trust International Training Fellowship (224287/Z/21/Z); Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training, and Science in Africa (Del-22-002); European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership 2; Wellcome Leap 1kD; Wellcome Trust (224287/Z/21/Z, 224287/Z/21/A); The First 1000 Days (222076/Z/20/Z); European Union; Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre; Science for Africa Foundation
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 57 references in the paper

Abstract

With the evolution of ultra-low-field MRI and the recognition of antenatal maternal anaemia as an important driver of altered neurodevelopment in toddlers and children, it is critical to determine whether these effects are detectable at ultra-low-field (64 mT) in infancy. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of antenatal maternal anaemia on infant brain structure across the first 2 years of life, using high-field (3 T) and ultra-low-field (64 mT) MRI. This neuroimaging substudy was embedded within Khula, an observational population-based birth cohort in South Africa. Pregnant women were enrolled antenatally and postnatally. Mother-child dyads (n = 394) were followed prospectively with a subsample attending neuroimaging at ∼3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age. Anaemia was classified using World Health Organization thresholds, and neuroimaging data were processed using MiniMORPH. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate associations between antenatal maternal anaemia status and absolute regional infant brain volumes using high-field and ultra-low-field MRI. In repeated measures high-field (n = 195) and ultra-low-field (n = 341) infant neuroimaging subsamples, the prevalence of antenatal maternal anaemia was 28.24% (37/131) and 29.76% (61/205), respectively. Maternal anaemia in pregnancy was associated with altered child brain structure across both MRI systems, with group differences becoming detectable at ∼12 months. In the ultra-low-field subsample, infants born to anaemic mothers had 3.77% smaller intracranial volume (β = −0.24, P = 0.004) and 3.32% smaller putamen volumes (β = −0.18, P = 0.040) across the first 2 years of life. The interaction between antenatal maternal anaemia and age was significant for the caudate nucleus (β = −0.13, P = 0.038) and corpus callosum (β = −0.15, P = 0.007). Antenatal maternal anaemia was associated with 3.70% and 4.29% smaller caudate nucleus volumes at 18 and 24 months of age, respectively. Similarly, infants born to anaemic mothers had 4.39% smaller corpus callosum volumes by 12 months and 6.27% smaller corpus callosum volumes by 24 months. Postnatal child anaemia and antenatal maternal iron deficiency status were not associated with total or regional child brain volumes in the ultra-low-field subsample from this cohort. Maternal anaemia remained a robust predictor of volume differences in sensitivity analyses. This study is the first to demonstrate that the impact of maternal anaemia in pregnancy on child brain structure is detectable as early as infancy. The implications of this research are 2-fold: (i) informing the feasibility of ultra-low-field MRI in low- and middle-income countries and (ii) the timing and optimization of targeted recommendations for anaemia management in practice and policy.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repositories

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 9 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.

UNITY-Physics

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: the link answers
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: the text, “Neuroimaging processing”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 26 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
At the source: github.com/UNITY-Physics

UNITY-Physics/fw-minimorph

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 08c7398e42c88031da40ae84941214aa6b4a0299, 7 April 2026
Languages: Python (8), Shell (3)
Size: 35 files, 11 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data availability”
Holds: README, license file, environment (Dockerfile), tests, documentation
Not found: CITATION.cff, continuous integration
Tools: FSL (2 files), ANTs (1 file), FreeSurfer (1 file), Matplotlib (1 file), NiBabel (1 file), NumPy (1 file), pandas (1 file), Pillow (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers
  • 26 September 2026: the link answers
13 files
At the source: github.com/UNITY-Physics/fw-minimorph

JERingshaw/Khula-Anaemia-Imaging-Analysis

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: b50e304453da1c77f7617057f487c5c3334a68b8, 24 March 2026
Languages: Quarto (1)
Size: 3 files, 1 script
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data availability”
Holds: README, 1 notebook
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: car (1 file), easystats (1 file), emmeans (1 file), ggplot2 (1 file), lme4 (1 file), lmerTest (1 file), tidyverse (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers
  • 26 September 2026: the link answers
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At the source: github.com/JERingshaw/Khula-Anaemia-Imaging-Analysis.git

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

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Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

The de-identified data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request as per the Khula South Africa study guidelines. All software used in the development of Flywheel gears for the UNITY project has been shared as an open-source resource on GitHub (https://github.com/UNITY-Physics). This includes the MiniMORPH processing pipeline (https://github.com/UNITY-Physics/fw-minimorph) and the R script used for statistical analyses (https://github.com/JERingshaw/Khula-Anaemia-Imaging-Analysis.git)

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 17 authors, 5 keywords, 14 funders, 48 references.

Cite

This paper

Ringshaw, J. E., Zieff, M. R., Bourke, N. J., Casella, C., Bradford, L. E., Williams, S. R., Herr, D., Miles, M., Bennallick, C., Khula South Africa Data Collection Team, Deoni, S., O’Muircheartaigh, J., Stein, D. J., Alexander, D. C., Jones, D. K., Williams, S. C. R., & Donald, K. A. (2026). Antenatal maternal anaemia and infant brain structure: high-field (3 T) and ultra-low-field (64 mT) MRI findings from South Africa. Brain communications, 8(5), fcag318. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcag318

BibTeX

@article{ringshaw2026antenatal,
author = {Ringshaw, Jessica E and Zieff, Michal R and Bourke, Niall J and Casella, Chiara and Bradford, Layla E and Williams, Simone R and Herr, Donna and Miles, Marlie and Bennallick, Carly and {Khula South Africa Data Collection Team} and Deoni, Sean and O’Muircheartaigh, Jonathan and Stein, Dan J and Alexander, Daniel C and Jones, Derek K and Williams, Steven C R and Donald, Kirsten A},
title = {{Antenatal maternal anaemia and infant brain structure: high-field (3 T) and ultra-low-field (64 mT) MRI findings from South Africa}},
journal = {Brain communications},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
volume = {8},
number = {5},
pages = {fcag318},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
issn = {2632-1297},
doi = {10.1093/braincomms/fcag318},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcag318},
pmid = {42713352},
pmcid = {PMC13553114}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Ringshaw, Jessica E
AU - Zieff, Michal R
AU - Bourke, Niall J
AU - Casella, Chiara
AU - Bradford, Layla E
AU - Williams, Simone R
AU - Herr, Donna
AU - Miles, Marlie
AU - Bennallick, Carly
AU - Khula South Africa Data Collection Team
AU - Deoni, Sean
AU - O’Muircheartaigh, Jonathan
AU - Stein, Dan J
AU - Alexander, Daniel C
AU - Jones, Derek K
AU - Williams, Steven C R
AU - Donald, Kirsten A
TI - Antenatal maternal anaemia and infant brain structure: high-field (3 T) and ultra-low-field (64 mT) MRI findings from South Africa
T2 - Brain communications
J2 - Brain Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/08
VL - 8
IS - 5
SP - fcag318
SN - 2632-1297
PB - Oxford University Press
DO - 10.1093/braincomms/fcag318
UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcag318
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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