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Modulation of Predictive Coding in Auditory Paradigms of Varying Complexity in Children With Developmental Language Disorder.

Overview

Authors: Francisco J. Ruiz‐Martínez1, Elena I. Rodríguez Martínez1, Brenda Angulo Ruiz1, Ana Gómez Trevióo2, Raquel Muñoz Pradas3, Sheyla Andalia1, Carlos M. Gómez1
  1. Department of Experimental Psychology University of Seville Seville Spain
  2. Victoria Eugenia Hospital Cruz Roja (UDIATE) Seville Spain
  3. Osuna University Sevilla Spain
Institutions: Universidad de Sevilla (Spain)
Journal: The European journal of neuroscience, volume 63, issue 8, article e70503
Dates: received 9 July 2025; accepted 27 March 2026; published online 24 April 2026; in print April 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1111/ejn.70503 · PMID 42029654 · PMCID PMC13108555 · OpenAlex W7155531254
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: data only
Categories: EEG (modality), human (organism), cognitive (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Preprocessing, Evoked potentials, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: auditory design, children, DLD, ERPs, passive paradigm, predictive coding
MeSH: Auditory Perception*, Evoked Potentials, Auditory*, Language Development Disorders*, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Child, Child, Preschool, Contingent Negative Variation, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Predictive Learning Models (* major topic)
Journal subjects: Special Issue Article, The Neuronal Basis of Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and Its Clinical Applications
Topic: Language Development and Disorders (Developmental and Educational Psychology, Psychology), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2022‐139151OB‐I00)
Citations: cited by 1 paper (Europe PMC); 144 references in the paper

Abstract

Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a persistent difficulty in the acquisition and use of expressive and/or receptive language, which negatively impacts academic and social development. The present study evaluated the validity of the statistical learning model proposed to account for language difficulties in children with DLD. To this end, two auditory paradigms of varying complexity, framed within predictive coding theory, were passively presented to children diagnosed with DLD and to typically developing children without neurological impairments. The paradigms consisted of stimulus sequences with decreasing or increasing frequencies, interspersed with the sporadic occurrence of unexpected tone endings. The psychophysiological response was recorded using EEG, focusing on the P1, mismatch negativity (MMN), postimperative negative variation (PINV), and contingent negative variation (CNV) components. Results showed an absent MMN and a higher P1 response to deviant tones in children with DLD, suggesting an impaired development of frontal MMN generators, potentially compensated by activity in the primary auditory cortex. DLD participants also showed increased PINV and CNV responses during the most complex paradigm, which could imply greater cognitive effort and resource allocation for reassessment of stimulus patterns. Finally, incomplete maturation of frontal areas in children within this age range (3–11 years) was proposed as a possible explanation for the absence of differences between groups in P1 and N1/MMN responses elicited by simple and complex conditions. These findings support statistical learning as a valid model for understanding the possible neural basis of DLD and highlight this predictive EEG design as a potential protocol for early detection.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

The paper links to its data, not to its authors' code: see the Data section.

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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Data

Datasets cited

Data Availability Statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are available at https://github.com/Martinez‐Ruiz/Prediction‐in‐Developmental‐Language‐Disorder‐Data.git (https://github.com/Martinez-Ruiz/Prediction-in-Developmental-Language-Disorder-Data.git).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 2, 28 September 2026

  • Publisher: n/a → Wiley

Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 7 authors, 6 keywords, 13 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 132 references.

Cite

This paper

Ruiz‐Martínez, F. J., Rodríguez Martínez, E. I., Angulo Ruiz, B., Gómez Trevióo, A., Muñoz Pradas, R., Andalia, S., & Gómez, C. M. (2026). Modulation of Predictive Coding in Auditory Paradigms of Varying Complexity in Children With Developmental Language Disorder. The European journal of neuroscience, 63(8), e70503. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70503

BibTeX

@article{ruizmartinez2026modulation,
author = {Ruiz‐Martínez, Francisco J. and Rodríguez Martínez, Elena I. and Angulo Ruiz, Brenda and Gómez Trevióo, Ana and Muñoz Pradas, Raquel and Andalia, Sheyla and Gómez, Carlos M.},
title = {{Modulation of Predictive Coding in Auditory Paradigms of Varying Complexity in Children With Developmental Language Disorder}},
journal = {The European journal of neuroscience},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {63},
number = {8},
pages = {e70503},
publisher = {Wiley},
issn = {0953-816X},
doi = {10.1111/ejn.70503},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70503},
pmid = {42029654},
pmcid = {PMC13108555}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Ruiz‐Martínez, Francisco J.
AU - Rodríguez Martínez, Elena I.
AU - Angulo Ruiz, Brenda
AU - Gómez Trevióo, Ana
AU - Muñoz Pradas, Raquel
AU - Andalia, Sheyla
AU - Gómez, Carlos M.
TI - Modulation of Predictive Coding in Auditory Paradigms of Varying Complexity in Children With Developmental Language Disorder
T2 - The European journal of neuroscience
J2 - Eur J Neurosci
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/01
VL - 63
IS - 8
SP - e70503
SN - 0953-816X
PB - Wiley
DO - 10.1111/ejn.70503
UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70503
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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