Studying dynamic sound source localization in a virtual maze with EEG and psychophysics.
The 3 matches
- [1] § Results › Turning decisions ↔ VirtualMaze_BEHAVanalysis.m, lines 1–57 · score 0.71 · alarm sound position, segments indicate, walking direction, incorrect turning decisions, regression, fell
- [2] § Results › MMN ↔ VirtualMaze_ERPanalysis.m, lines 85–223 · score 0.67 · Bar graph, FDR corrected, spatial deviation, rectangle, SEM, Grand
- [3] § Materials and methods › Data analysis › Statistical analysis ↔ VirtualMaze_ERPanalysis.m, lines 38–81 · score 0.63 · 104–154 ms, 104 ms, M1, M2, window, topographic
Paper
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The authors' code
MATLAB · 303 lines · 13 KB · no license · 2 matches
- %% VirtualMaze_ERPanalysis
- %
- % Script summarizes ERP analysis in:
- % Strauss, H., Grimm, S., Feder, S., Miksch, J., Bendixen, A. (accepted).
- % Studying dynamic sound source localization in a virtual maze with EEG and
- % psychophysics. Frontiers in Neuroscience
- %
- % Necessary set/fdt-files are located in the folder ERPdata/
- % Figure generation:
- % * Figure 3(A-C) Grand-average ERPs for standards, deviants and their difference
- % waveforms and MMN topographies for small, medium, and large spatial
- % deviations
- % * Figure 3(D) Comparison of the grand-average difference waveforms between the
- % three angle size conditions
- % * Figure 3(E) Bar graph depicting mean amplitudes in the MMN time window for
- % deviants and standards with small, medium, and large angles
- %
- % Statistical Analysis:
- % * repeated-measures ANOVA with the factors Stimulus Type (Deviant,
- % Standard) and Angle Size (Small, Medium, Large) on mean
- % amplitudes at electrode FCz in the MMN time window
- % * follow-up t-tests to compare mean amplitudes between deviants and
- % standards in the three angle size conditions
- % * follow-up t-tests to compare MMN mean amplitudes between small and
- % medium, small and large, and medium and large angle sizes
- % * repeated-measures ANOVA with the factors Stimulus Type (Deviant,
- % Standard) and Angle Size (Small, Medium, Large) on mean
- % amplitudes at the mastoid electrodes (M1, M2) in the MMN time window
- %
- %
- % Requirements:
- % - EEGLAB toolbox (https://eeglab.org)[Version used: eeglab v2025.0.0]
- % - Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox (for functions ranova.m, fitrm.m)
- %% define and add eeglab path
- % eeglabPath = 'YOUR EEGLAB PATH';
- % addpath(eeglabPath)
- eeglab
- erppath = './ERPdata/';
- conditions = {'dev_small', 'dev_medium', 'dev_large', 'sta_small', 'sta_medium', 'sta_large'};
- angles = {'small', 'medium', 'large'};
- channel = 'FCz';
- channel_M = {'M1', 'M2'};
- twin = [104 154];
- cols = [212 0 0; 0 0 255; 0, 0, 0; 117 112 179; 217 95 2; 27 158 119]/255;
- % load ERP datasets from all conditions (requirement: EEGLab) and collect
- % them in the array allERPs (shape: conditions x electrodes x sampling
- % points x participants)
- for iCond = 1:size(conditions,2)
- EEG = pop_loadset('filename', ['ERPs_' conditions{iCond} '.set'], 'filepath', erppath);
- allERPs(iCond,:,:,:) = EEG.data;
- end
- % determine channel number and sampling points of interest
- channelNr = find(strcmp(channel,{EEG.chanlocs.labels}));
- for c = 1:size(channel_M,2)
- channelNr_M(c) = find(strcmp(channel_M{c},{EEG.chanlocs.labels}));
- end
- twin_pts = (twin-EEG.times(1))*EEG.srate/1000+1;
- % extract grand-average traces
- devTrace = squeeze(mean(allERPs(1:3,channelNr,:,:),4));
- staTrace = squeeze(mean(allERPs(4:6,channelNr,:,:),4));
- diffTrace = devTrace - staTrace;
- % extract topographic maps in MMN time window
- devMap = squeeze(mean(mean(allERPs(1:3,:,twin_pts(1):twin_pts(2),:),3),4));
- staMap = squeeze(mean(mean(allERPs(4:6,:,twin_pts(1):twin_pts(2),:),3),4));
- diffMap = devMap - staMap;
- % extract MMN mean amplitudes at relevant electrodes
- MMNamp = squeeze(mean(allERPs(:,channelNr,twin_pts(1):twin_pts(2),:),3))';
- MMNamp_M = squeeze(mean(mean(allERPs(:,channelNr_M,twin_pts(1):twin_pts(2),:),2),3))';
- meanMMNamp = reshape( mean(MMNamp,1), [3,2]); % mean over participants
- semMMNamp = reshape( std(MMNamp,[],1)/sqrt(size(MMNamp,1)), [3 2]); % standard error of mean
- %% Figure plots
- % Figure 3A-C: Grand-average ERPs for standards, deviants and their difference
- % waveform and MMN topographies for small, medium, and large spatial
- % deviations
- f1 = figure(Name="Figure 3A-C",NumberTitle="off");
- for iAngle = 1:3
- % calculate FDR-corrected running t test
- start_t = 0;
- start_t_pts = (start_t-EEG.times(1))*EEG.srate/1000+1;
- devTrace_rtt = squeeze(allERPs(iAngle,channelNr,start_t_pts:end,:));
- staTrace_rtt = squeeze(allERPs(3+iAngle,channelNr,start_t_pts:end,:));
- n_rtt = length(devTrace_rtt);
- all_p = nan(1,n_rtt); all_t = nan(1,n_rtt);
- for t = 1:n_rtt
- [~,all_p(t),~,stats] = ttest(devTrace_rtt(t,:), staTrace_rtt(t,:), 'alpha', 0.05, 'tail', 'both');
- all_t(t) = stats.tstat;
- end
- [all_p_sorted, order] = sort(all_p);
- [~,orderI] = sort(order);
- q = [1:n_rtt]/n_rtt*0.05;
- FDRthresh_sorted = all_p_sorted < q;
- FDRthresh = FDRthresh_sorted(orderI);
- % plot ERP traces including running t test results
- subplot(2,3,iAngle)
- axis([-100 500, -4.3 4.3])
- hold on
- y = ylim; plot([0 0],[y(1) y(2)], 'k', 'LineWidth', 0.5, 'HandleVisibility','off');
- rectangle('Position',[twin(1) y(1) twin(2)-twin(1) y(2)-y(1)],'FaceColor',[0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2],'EdgeColor',[0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2]);
- x = xlim; plot([x(1) x(2)],[0 0], 'k', 'LineWidth', 0.5, 'HandleVisibility','off');
- indTraces = squeeze(mean(allERPs(1:6,channelNr,:,:),2));
- for l = 1:3
- if l == 1
- dataTrace = indTraces(iAngle,:,:);
- elseif l == 2
- dataTrace = indTraces(iAngle+3,:,:);
- elseif l == 3
- dataTrace = indTraces(iAngle,:,:) - indTraces(iAngle+3,:,:);
- end
- sem = squeeze(std(dataTrace,[],3))/sqrt(size(dataTrace,3));
- sem = sem(:);
- a = ones(size(EEG.times))';
- regions(1) = patch('XData', [EEG.times'; EEG.times(end:-1:1)'], ...
- 'YData', [squeeze(mean(dataTrace,3))' + sem; squeeze(mean(dataTrace(:,end:-1:1,:),3))'], ...
- 'FaceColor', cols(l,:), ...
- 'FaceVertexAlphaData', [0.1*a; 0.3*a], ...
- 'FaceAlpha', 0.2, 'EdgeColor', 'none',...
- 'HandleVisibility','off');
- regions(2) = patch('XData', [EEG.times'; EEG.times(end:-1:1)'], ...
- 'YData', [squeeze(mean(dataTrace,3))' - sem; squeeze(mean(dataTrace(:,end:-1:1,:),3))'], ...
- 'FaceColor', cols(l,:), ...
- 'FaceVertexAlphaData', [0.1*a; 0.3*a], ...
- 'FaceAlpha', 0.2, 'EdgeColor', 'none',...
- 'HandleVisibility','off');
- end
- plot(EEG.times,devTrace(iAngle,:),'Color',cols(1,:),'LineWidth',1.2)
- plot(EEG.times,staTrace(iAngle,:),'Color',cols(2,:),'LineWidth',1.2)
- plot(EEG.times,diffTrace(iAngle,:),'k','LineWidth',1.7)
- % plot FDR-corrected running t tests
- rectangle('Position',[start_t 3.8 EEG.times(end)-start_t 0.3],'FaceColor',[0.8 0.8 0.8],'EdgeColor',[0.8 0.8 0.8]);
- for t = 1:n_rtt
- if FDRthresh(t)
- if all_t(t) > 0 %red for positive T values
- rectangle('Position',[ EEG.times(start_t_pts + t - 1)-1 3.8 2 0.3],'FaceColor',[1 0 0],'EdgeColor',[1 0 0]);
- else %blue for negative T values
- rectangle('Position',[ EEG.times(start_t_pts + t - 1)-1 3.8 2 0.3],'FaceColor',[0 0 1],'EdgeColor',[0 0 1]);
- end
- end
- end
- xlabel('Time (ms)')
- ylabel('Voltage (µV)')
- set(gca, 'YDir', 'Reverse', 'TickDir', 'out');
- % plot topographies
- subplot(2,3,3+iAngle)
- topoplot(diffMap(iAngle,:), EEG.chanlocs, 'maplimits',[-3 3]);
- end
- set(f1, 'Color','w','Position',[0 370 900 400])
- set(findall(gcf,'-property','FontSize'),'FontSize',12)
- % exportgraphics(gcf,"Figure3AC.eps",ContentType="vector")
- % Figure 3D: Comparison of grand-average difference waveforms for small,
- % medium, and large spatial deviations
- f2 = figure(Name="Figure 3D",NumberTitle="off");
- set(f2, 'Color','w','Position',[0 0 450 350])
- axis([-100 500, -4 4])
- hold on
- y = ylim; plot([0 0],[y(1) y(2)], 'k', 'LineWidth', 0.5, 'HandleVisibility','off');
- rectangle('Position',[twin(1) y(1) twin(2)-twin(1) y(2)-y(1)],'FaceColor',[0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2],'EdgeColor',[0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2]);
- x = xlim; plot([x(1) x(2)],[0 0], 'k', 'LineWidth', 0.5, 'HandleVisibility','off');
- indDiffTraces = squeeze(mean(allERPs(1:3,channelNr,:,:),2)) - squeeze(mean(allERPs(4:6,channelNr,:,:),2));
- for l = 1:3
- sem = squeeze(std(indDiffTraces(l,:,:),[],3))/sqrt(size(indDiffTraces,3));
- sem = sem(:);
- a = ones(size(EEG.times))';
- regions(1) = patch('XData', [EEG.times'; EEG.times(end:-1:1)'], ...
- 'YData', [diffTrace(l,:)' + sem; diffTrace(l,end:-1:1)'], ...
- 'FaceColor', cols(l+3,:), ...
- 'FaceVertexAlphaData', [0.1*a; 0.3*a], ...
- 'FaceAlpha', 0.2, 'EdgeColor', 'none',...
- 'HandleVisibility','off');
- regions(2) = patch('XData', [EEG.times'; EEG.times(end:-1:1)'], ...
- 'YData', [diffTrace(l,:)' - sem; diffTrace(l,end:-1:1)'], ...
- 'FaceColor', cols(l+3,:), ...
- 'FaceVertexAlphaData', [0.1*a; 0.3*a], ...
- 'FaceAlpha', 0.2, 'EdgeColor', 'none',...
- 'HandleVisibility','off');
- plot(EEG.times,diffTrace(l,:),'Color',cols(l+3,:),'LineWidth',2)
- end
- xlabel('Time (ms)')
- ylabel('Voltage (µV)')
- legend('Small', 'Medium', 'Large')
- legend boxoff
- set(gca, 'YDir', 'Reverse', 'TickDir', 'out');
- set(findall(gcf,'-property','FontSize'),'FontSize',14)
- % exportgraphics(gcf,"Figure3D.eps",ContentType="vector")
- % Figure 3E: Bar graph of mean amplitudes in the MMN time window for deviants
- % and standards with small, medium, and large angles
- f3 = figure(Name="Figure 3E",NumberTitle="off");
- set(f3, 'Color','w','Position',[450 0 450 350])
- hold on
- b = bar(meanMMNamp);
- b(1).FaceColor = cols(1,:); b(1).EdgeColor = cols(1,:);
- b(2).FaceColor = cols(2,:); b(2).EdgeColor = cols(2,:);
- ylabel('Voltage (µV)')
- set(gca, 'YDir', 'Reverse', 'TickDir', 'out', 'XTick', 1:3, 'XTickLabel', {'Small', 'Medium', 'Large'});
- errorbar([1:3]-0.14, meanMMNamp(:,1)', semMMNamp(:,1)','k.')
- errorbar([1:3]+0.14, meanMMNamp(:,2)', semMMNamp(:,2)','k.')
- set(findall(gcf,'-property','FontSize'),'FontSize',14)
- % exportgraphics(gcf,"Figure3E.eps",ContentType="vector")
- %% Statistical tests
- % Repeated-measures ANOVA on frontocentral MMN mean amplitudes
- disp('Effects of Angle Size and Stimulus Type on MMN at electrode FCz')
- angle = ["small"; "medium"; "large"; "small"; "medium"; "large"];
- stimulus = ["deviant"; "deviant"; "deviant"; "standard"; "standard"; "standard"];
- within = table(angle,stimulus,VariableNames=["AngleSize", "StimulusType"]);
- data = table(MMNamp(:,1), MMNamp(:,2), MMNamp(:,3), MMNamp(:,4), MMNamp(:,5), MMNamp(:,6), 'VariableNames',{'y1' 'y2' 'y3' 'y4' 'y5' 'y6'});
- rm = fitrm(data,'y1-y6 ~ 1','WithinDesign',within);
- ranovatbl = ranova(rm,'WithinModel',"AngleSize*StimulusType");
- ranovatbl.partialEta2 = nan(8,1);
- for eff = [3 5 7]
- SS = table2array(ranovatbl(eff,1));
- ErrSS = table2array(ranovatbl(eff+1,1));
- DFeff = table2array(ranovatbl(eff,2));
- DFerr = table2array(ranovatbl(eff+1,2));
- n2p = SS/(SS+ErrSS);
- ranovatbl.partialEta2(eff) = n2p;
- end
- fprintf('\n\nMMN: rmANOVA\n')
- disp(ranovatbl)
- disp('')
- % Follow-up t-tests: comparing deviant vs. standard ERPs for small, medium
- % and large angles
- fprintf('\n\nMMN: Pairwise t-test\n')
- for iAngle = 1:3
- [h,p,ci,stats] = ttest(MMNamp(:,iAngle), MMNamp(:,3+iAngle));
- cohen_d = mean(MMNamp(:,iAngle) - MMNamp(:,3+iAngle))/std(MMNamp(:,iAngle) - MMNamp(:,3+iAngle));
- if p >= 0.001
- fprintf('dev vs. sta %s: t(%i) = %0.3f, p = %0.3f, d = %0.3f\n', angles{iAngle}, stats.df, stats.tstat, p, cohen_d)
- else
- fprintf('dev vs. sta %s: t(%i) = %0.3f, p < 0.001, d = %0.3f\n', angles{iAngle}, stats.df, stats.tstat, cohen_d)
- end
- end
- % Follow-up t-tests: comparing MMN in small, medium and large angle size
- % conditions
- fprintf('\n\nMMN difference between angles: Pairwise t-test\n')
- pairs = nchoosek(1:3, 2);
- for iPair = 1:size(pairs,1)
- diff1 = MMNamp(:,pairs(iPair,1)) - MMNamp(:,3+pairs(iPair,1));
- diff2 = MMNamp(:,pairs(iPair,2)) - MMNamp(:,3+pairs(iPair,2));
- [h,p,ci,stats] = ttest(diff1, diff2);
- cohen_d = mean(diff1 - diff2)/std(diff1 - diff2);
- if p >= 0.001
- fprintf('%s vs. %s: t(%i) = %0.3f, p = %0.3f, d = %0.3f\n', angles{pairs(iPair,1)}, angles{pairs(iPair,2)}, stats.df, stats.tstat, p, cohen_d)
- else
- fprintf('%s vs. %s: t(%i) = %0.3f, p < 0.001, d = %0.3f\n', angles{pairs(iPair,1)}, angles{pairs(iPair,2)}, stats.df, stats.tstat, cohen_d)
- end
- end
- % Repeated-measures ANOVA on mastoidal MMN mean amplitudes
- disp('Effects of Angle Size and Stimulus Type on mastoidal MMN')
- angle = ["small"; "medium"; "large"; "small"; "medium"; "large"];
- stimulus = ["deviant"; "deviant"; "deviant"; "standard"; "standard"; "standard"];
- within = table(angle,stimulus,VariableNames=["AngleSize", "StimulusType"]);
- data_M = table(MMNamp_M(:,1), MMNamp_M(:,2), MMNamp_M(:,3), MMNamp_M(:,4), MMNamp_M(:,5), MMNamp_M(:,6), 'VariableNames',{'y1' 'y2' 'y3' 'y4' 'y5' 'y6'});
- rm_M = fitrm(data_M,'y1-y6 ~ 1','WithinDesign',within);
- ranovatbl_M = ranova(rm_M,'WithinModel',"AngleSize*StimulusType");
- ranovatbl_M.partialEta2 = nan(8,1);
- for eff = [3 5 7]
- SS = table2array(ranovatbl_M(eff,1));
- ErrSS = table2array(ranovatbl_M(eff+1,1));
- DFeff = table2array(ranovatbl_M(eff,2));
- DFerr = table2array(ranovatbl_M(eff+1,2));
- n2p = SS/(SS+ErrSS);
- ranovatbl_M.partialEta2(eff) = n2p;
- end
- fprintf('\n\nMMN at Mastoids: rmANOVA\n')
- disp(ranovatbl_M)
- disp('')
VirtualMaze_ERPanalysis.m, no license · at the source
Overview
- Cognitive Systems Lab, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- Physics of Cognition Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
Abstract
Auditory scene analysis benefits from spatial separation of the sound sources to be disentangled. Studies characterizing the ability to localize sound sources have revealed that spatial ambiguities can be resolved by slightly moving the head. This implies that the auditory system must take into account how head movements displace the sensors (ears) relative to the sound source, in order to separate the consequences of own movement from actual movement of the sound source. Outside of the typical lab, not only the head can be turned, but also the whole body might move towards or away from the sound source. With modern virtual-reality (VR) technology including near-real-time auditory feedback, it has now become feasible to study the relations between body movement, head movement, and sound localization in a controlled manner. Here we present a VR study in which participants move through a virtual maze to locate a repetitive alarm signal. Participants’ turning decisions provide a behavioral measure of their ability to localize the sound source. In addition, we introduce occasional task-unrelated location deviations in the alarm signal to record an unobtrusive neural measure of localization ability: the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) component extracted from participants’ continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) informs us about participants’ deviance detection at the sensory level. We examine these neural and behavioral correlates of sound localization during simulated locomotion and real head movements. Our results show high behavioral accuracy and the elicitation of a robust MMN component. This indicates faithful extraction of source location although participants move relative to the sound source. Our findings are compatible with a predictive-coding framework, where the effects caused by own movement are taken into account for the interpretation of sensory signals. Yet because the range of physical variation by own movement was narrower than intended, we cannot exclude the possibility that deviance detection rested on simpler sensory mechanisms. We discuss how this constraint can be overcome in future studies to fully exploit our new paradigm for naturalistic, yet controlled studies on sound localization and auditory scene analysis under dynamic listening requirements.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 3 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
OSF ymgw3
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
- 26 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
2 files
- VirtualMaze_BEHAVanalysi
s.m , MATLAB, 209 lines, 1 match - VirtualMaze_ERPanalysis.
m , MATLAB, 303 lines, 2 matches
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 2 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 3 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.
Data availability statement
The pre-processed EEG data (single-subject averages) and behavioral data supporting the conclusions of this article are available alongside with the analysis code in a publicly accessible repository (https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.
Version 3, 28 September 2026
- Funding: added Technische Universität Chemnitz
Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 5 authors, 7 keywords, 70 references.
Cite
This paper
Strauss, H., Grimm, S., Feder, S., Miksch, J., & Bendixen, A. (2026). Studying dynamic sound source localization in a virtual maze with EEG and psychophysics. Frontiers in neuroscience, 20, 1907950. https://
BibTeX
@article{strauss2026stud
author = {Strauss, Hanna and Grimm, Sabine and Feder, Sascha and Miksch, Jochen and Bendixen, Alexandra},
title = {{Studying dynamic sound source localization in a virtual maze with EEG and psychophysics}},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
volume = {20},
pages = {1907950},
publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
issn = {1662-4548},
doi = {10.3389/
url = {https://
pmid = {42756237},
pmcid = {PMC13582665}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Strauss, Hanna
AU - Grimm, Sabine
AU - Feder, Sascha
AU - Miksch, Jochen
AU - Bendixen, Alexandra
TI - Studying dynamic sound source localization in a virtual maze with EEG and psychophysics
T2 - Frontiers in neuroscience
J2 - Front Neurosci
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 20
SP - 1907950
SN - 1662-4548
PB - Frontiers Media SA
DO - 10.3389/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.3389/
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Studying dynamic sound source localization in a virtual maze with EEG and psychophysics",
"container-title": "Frontiers in neuroscience",
"author": [
{
"family": "Strauss",
"given": "Hanna"
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"given": "Sascha"
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"given": "Jochen"
},
{
"family": "Bendixen",
"given": "Alexandra"
}
],
"container-title-short":
"volume": "20",
"page": "1907950",
"DOI": "10.3389/
"PMID": "42756237",
"PMCID": "PMC13582665",
"ISSN": "1662-4548",
"publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
"URL": "https://
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
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2026,
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3
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]
}
}
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