OSCR

Modeling pediatric low-grade glioma heterogeneity using human forebrain organoids.

Overview

Authors: Gloria Leva1, Lucia Santomaso1, Matteo Gianesello1, Sara Patrizi2, Federica Ress1, Federico Cocchini1, Celeste Antonacci2, Francesca Gianno3, Luana Abballe2, Chiara Lago1, Noemi Pozza1, Gabriele Trentini1, Marina Cardano1, Simone Minasi3, Francesca Romana Buttarelli3, Manila Antonelli3, Davide Pernici1, Linda Petrucci1, Francesco Antonica1, Emma Busarello1
and 6 other authorsMartina Iannuzzi4, Alessia Soldano4, Toma Tebaldi1,5, Evelina Miele2, Elisabetta Ferretti6, Luca Tiberi1
  1. Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
  2. Onco-Hematology, Cell Therapy, Gene Therapies and Hemopoietic Transplant, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
  3. Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
  4. Department of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
  5. Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
  6. Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Journal: Molecular cancer, volume 25, issue 1, article 133
Dates: received 21 October 2025; accepted 9 February 2026; published online 1 April 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x · PMID 41923199 · PMCID PMC13192117 · OpenAlex W7147402946
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: dead link
Categories: genetics / omics (modality), human (organism), mouse (organism), other condition (population)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Evoked potentials, Connectivity, Machine learning, fMRI & imaging
MeSH: Brain Neoplasms*, Glioma*, Organoids*, Prosencephalon*, Animals, Child, DNA Methylation, Humans, Mice, Neoplasm Grading (* major topic)
Topic: Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment (Genetics, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: European Science Foundation; EMBO; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 34 references in the paper

Abstract

Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGGs) are the most common type of brain tumors in children, characterized by their typically slow growth and oncogene-induced senescence. Preclinical models provide the opportunity to investigate the effects of various treatments in a controlled setting before they are tested in human patients; however, reliable models for pLGGs are limited. Here we developed two organoid models for pLGGs, which, after engraftment into mice, exhibited low-grade features. Furthermore, the genome-wide DNA methylation and RNA profiles of the organoids demonstrated closer similarity to low-grade glioma entities compared to high-grade counterparts. Additionally, pLGG organoid-derived cells align with oligodendrocyte-like, astrocyte-like and MAPK signature clusters seen in patient tumors, indicating that the organoids generate a heterogeneous population of cancer cells, where cellular diversity may influence disease progression and treatment response.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

No file of the authors' code could be read here: it is described below, and read at its source.

LTiberiLab/pLGG_Leva_Santomaso_2026

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link is dead, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: found in the paper
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link is dead
  • 28 September 2026: the link is dead

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 0 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

The code used to analyze all data is available via GitHub at https://github.com/LTiberiLab/pLGG_Leva_Santomaso_2026.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 26 authors, 10 MeSH terms, 3 funders, 34 references.

Cite

This paper

Leva, G., Santomaso, L., Gianesello, M., Patrizi, S., Ress, F., Cocchini, F., Antonacci, C., Gianno, F., Abballe, L., Lago, C., Pozza, N., Trentini, G., Cardano, M., Minasi, S., Buttarelli, F. R., Antonelli, M., Pernici, D., Petrucci, L., Antonica, F., . . . Tiberi, L. (2026). Modeling pediatric low-grade glioma heterogeneity using human forebrain organoids. Molecular cancer, 25(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x

BibTeX

@article{leva2026modeling,
author = {Leva, Gloria and Santomaso, Lucia and Gianesello, Matteo and Patrizi, Sara and Ress, Federica and Cocchini, Federico and Antonacci, Celeste and Gianno, Francesca and Abballe, Luana and Lago, Chiara and Pozza, Noemi and Trentini, Gabriele and Cardano, Marina and Minasi, Simone and Buttarelli, Francesca Romana and Antonelli, Manila and Pernici, Davide and Petrucci, Linda and Antonica, Francesco and Busarello, Emma and Iannuzzi, Martina and Soldano, Alessia and Tebaldi, Toma and Miele, Evelina and Ferretti, Elisabetta and Tiberi, Luca},
title = {{Modeling pediatric low-grade glioma heterogeneity using human forebrain organoids}},
journal = {Molecular cancer},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {133},
publisher = {BMC},
issn = {1476-4598},
doi = {10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x},
pmid = {41923199},
pmcid = {PMC13192117}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Leva, Gloria
AU - Santomaso, Lucia
AU - Gianesello, Matteo
AU - Patrizi, Sara
AU - Ress, Federica
AU - Cocchini, Federico
AU - Antonacci, Celeste
AU - Gianno, Francesca
AU - Abballe, Luana
AU - Lago, Chiara
AU - Pozza, Noemi
AU - Trentini, Gabriele
AU - Cardano, Marina
AU - Minasi, Simone
AU - Buttarelli, Francesca Romana
AU - Antonelli, Manila
AU - Pernici, Davide
AU - Petrucci, Linda
AU - Antonica, Francesco
AU - Busarello, Emma
AU - Iannuzzi, Martina
AU - Soldano, Alessia
AU - Tebaldi, Toma
AU - Miele, Evelina
AU - Ferretti, Elisabetta
AU - Tiberi, Luca
TI - Modeling pediatric low-grade glioma heterogeneity using human forebrain organoids
T2 - Molecular cancer
J2 - Mol Cancer
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/04/01
VL - 25
IS - 1
SP - 133
SN - 1476-4598
PB - BMC
DO - 10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x
UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Modeling pediatric low-grade glioma heterogeneity using human forebrain organoids",
"container-title": "Molecular cancer",
"author": [
{
"family": "Leva",
"given": "Gloria"
},
{
"family": "Santomaso",
"given": "Lucia"
},
{
"family": "Gianesello",
"given": "Matteo"
},
{
"family": "Patrizi",
"given": "Sara"
},
{
"family": "Ress",
"given": "Federica"
},
{
"family": "Cocchini",
"given": "Federico"
},
{
"family": "Antonacci",
"given": "Celeste"
},
{
"family": "Gianno",
"given": "Francesca"
},
{
"family": "Abballe",
"given": "Luana"
},
{
"family": "Lago",
"given": "Chiara"
},
{
"family": "Pozza",
"given": "Noemi"
},
{
"family": "Trentini",
"given": "Gabriele"
},
{
"family": "Cardano",
"given": "Marina"
},
{
"family": "Minasi",
"given": "Simone"
},
{
"family": "Buttarelli",
"given": "Francesca Romana"
},
{
"family": "Antonelli",
"given": "Manila"
},
{
"family": "Pernici",
"given": "Davide"
},
{
"family": "Petrucci",
"given": "Linda"
},
{
"family": "Antonica",
"given": "Francesco"
},
{
"family": "Busarello",
"given": "Emma"
},
{
"family": "Iannuzzi",
"given": "Martina"
},
{
"family": "Soldano",
"given": "Alessia"
},
{
"family": "Tebaldi",
"given": "Toma"
},
{
"family": "Miele",
"given": "Evelina"
},
{
"family": "Ferretti",
"given": "Elisabetta"
},
{
"family": "Tiberi",
"given": "Luca"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Mol Cancer",
"volume": "25",
"issue": "1",
"page": "133",
"DOI": "10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x",
"PMID": "41923199",
"PMCID": "PMC13192117",
"ISSN": "1476-4598",
"publisher": "BMC",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-026-02612-x",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
4,
1
]
]
}
}

The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.

Similar papers

The papers with a page that share the most with this one: the tools found in their code, their categories, datasets, cited references and authors, the rarest counting most.

[1] doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10631-3 [code]
A prognostic human brain network for diffuse midline glioma.
Journal: Nature
In common: other condition, 5 references
[2] doi:10.1002/adhm.202504889 [code]
Mapping the Cerebral Organoid Landscape: A Systematic Review of Preclinical 3D Models in Neuroscience.
Journal: Advanced healthcare materials
In common: other condition, 3 references
[3] doi:10.32604/or.2026.079221
Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals the Heterogeneity of Glioma and Identifies IGFBP2 as A Potential Therapeutic Target.
Journal: Oncology research
In common: genetics / omics, other condition, mouse, 2 references
[4] doi:10.3390/cancers18162616
Decitabine Reprograms Temozolomide-Resistant Glioblastoma Through Epigenetic Reactivation and Mesenchymal Attenuation: A Multi-Omics Study.
Journal: Cancers
In common: genetics / omics, other condition, 2 references
[5] doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03686-1 [code]
Early oligodendrocyte dysfunction signature in Alzheimer's disease: Insights from DNA methylomics and transcriptomics.
Journal: Molecular psychiatry
In common: genetics / omics, mouse, 2 references
[6] doi:10.1002/advs.202515913 [code]
Intravital Multimodal Imaging of Human Cortical Organoid Transplantation in a Mouse Model of Chronic Stroke.
Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
In common: mouse, 2 references
[7] doi:10.1186/s40478-026-02269-z
Histological grade 2 and non-contrast-enhancing phenotype provide prognostic information complementary to DNA methylation classification in TERTp-mutant molecular glioblastomas.
Journal: Acta neuropathologica communications
In common: genetics / omics, other condition, 2 references
[8] doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102682 [code]
TET CpG sequence-context-specific DNA demethylation shapes progression of IDH-mutant gliomas.
Journal: Cell reports. Medicine
In common: genetics / omics, other condition, 2 references
[9] doi:10.1186/s13073-026-01698-8 [code]
From aging to Alzheimer's disease: concordant brain DNA methylation changes in late life.
Journal: Genome medicine
In common: genetics / omics, 2 references
[10] doi:10.1016/j.cell.2026.07.023
Metabolic atlas of early human cortex reveals glycolytic remodeling and pentose phosphate pathway control of cell fate transitions.
Journal: Cell
In common: genetics / omics, 2 references

Contribute

The authors of this paper can claim it, correct its record and validate its tracing map, and the maintainers of its code (its owner, or a public member of its organization) correct what it says of their repository; anyone signed in can ask for its removal. Every request goes to OSCR's own machine, which answers it; your account page follows them.

Sign in with ORCID to claim this paper as one of its authors, correct its record or validate its tracing map: when the paper's metadata lists your ORCID iD, you are recognized at once. Maintainers of its code: sign in with GitHub, then claim the repository on your account page.

Request its removal

To ask OSCR to remove this record, the copies of its authors' scripts or its tracing map, use the removal request page: signed in, you say who you are, what to remove and why, then review and confirm the request. Published rules decide every request (how).

Discussion, reproductions, activity

Discussion: questions and error reports about this paper and its code, from signed-in readers and its authors. It opens with sign-in.

Reproductions: reports from readers who ran the authors' code: what they reproduced, with which environment, commit and data. It opens with sign-in.

Activity: what happens around this paper: new versions of its record, its map's validation, discussions and reproductions. It opens with sign-in.