Identification and clinical validation of F3 as a peripheral blood biomarker for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy using dataset-specific bioinformatics analysis.

Overview

1. Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
2. Department of Pediatrics, First People’s Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China

Abstract

Background: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of neonatal death and long-term neurological disability. Early recognition of high-risk neonates remains difficult because clinical examination, imaging, electrophysiology, and biochemical tests may be limited by timing, access, or early sensitivity. We aimed to identify and clinically validate a peripheral blood biomarker candidate for HIE.

Methods: Public transcriptomic datasets related to neonatal HIE or experimental hypoxic-ischemic injury were analyzed as separate biological resources. The human whole-blood dataset served as the primary discovery dataset. Experimental rat cortex datasets were analyzed separately and used only as supportive context after ortholog mapping. Candidate prioritization considered nominal human blood evidence, directionally concordant supportive transcriptomic signals, HIE-related disease-gene annotation, and validation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). F3 mRNA was measured by qRT-PCR, and full-length tissue factor (flTF) protein was assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting in an independent cohort of neonates with HIE (n = 40) and non-HIE controls (n = 30).

Results: With an exploratory nominal screening threshold, dataset-specific analysis identified F3 as a candidate gene with nominal upregulation in the human whole-blood dataset (log2FC = 6.27, nominal P = 0.041, adjusted P = 0.524). Independent experimental hypoxic-ischemic injury datasets showed directionally concordant supportive signals. In the clinical cohort, PBMC F3 mRNA was higher in neonates with HIE than in non-HIE controls (4.2 ± 0.2 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1, P < 0.0001), with increased flTF protein expression. ROC analysis showed good discrimination in this cohort (AUC, 0.844; 95% CI, 0.735–0.953).

Conclusion: F3/flTF was prioritized as an exploratory peripheral blood biomarker candidate on the basis of nominal human whole-blood transcriptomic evidence, supportive disease-model data, HIE-related disease-gene annotation, and independent PBMC validation. PBMC F3/flTF may help identify HIE and stratify risk, but larger human blood cohorts, confounder-adjusted analyses, and mechanistic studies are needed before clinical use can be considered.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Data

Datasets cited

• geo:GSE121178, at NCBI GEO; found in the text, “Functional enrichment analysis”

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 2, 28 September 2026

• Funding: added Putian Science and Technology Bureau

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 6 authors, 7 keywords, 22 references.

Cite

This paper

Pan, S., Peng, Y., Hu, J., Cai, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zheng, B. (2026). Identification and clinical validation of F3 as a peripheral blood biomarker for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy using dataset-specific bioinformatics analysis. Frontiers in pediatrics, 14, 1891438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2026.1891438

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