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Neurodevelopmental outcomes relevant to autism in juvenile mice exposed to PCB 11 in the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation.

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Paper

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The authors' code

R · 11 lines · 392 B · CC-BY-4.0

  1. library(tidyverse)
  2. ###Must set working directory
  3. setwd("D:/PCB-MB Astrocyte Imaging/P35 Timepoint/Analysis Files/Somatosensory/GFAP_C3+ Counts")
  4. files <- list.files(pattern = "\\.csv$", full.names = TRUE)
  5. files <- files[file.info(files)$size > 0]
  6. compiled_dataset <- map_dfr(files, read_csv, show_col_types= FALSE)
  7. write_csv(compiled_dataset, "GFAP_Counts_compiled_dataset.csv")

GFAP & C3+ Counts CSV Combiner.R, under CC-BY-4.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Rebecca J. Wilson1, Harmanpreet K. Panesar1, Ilknur Dursun1,2, Rosalia Mendieta1, Peter M. Andrew1, Xueshu Li3, Hans-Joachim Lehmler3, Pamela J. Lein1
ORCID iDs: Ilknur Dursun
  1. Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
  2. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Health and Technology University, Istanbul, Türkiye
  3. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Journal: Frontiers in toxicology, volume 8, article 1816944
Dates: received 24 February 2026; accepted 30 June 2026; published online 12 August 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.3389/ftox.2026.1816944 · PMID 42643987 · PMCID PMC13506163 · OpenAlex W7202173467
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: mouse (organism), other condition (population), autism (population), developmental (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: apoptosis, dendritic arborization, developmental neurotoxicity, glial reactivity, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurogenesis, polychlorinated biphenyls
Topic: Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact (Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Environmental Science), according to OpenAlex
Funding: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) (R01 ES014901, R01 ES031098, P30 ES023513); Graduate Studies, University of California, Davis (Emmy Werner and Stanley Jacobsen Fellowship, Professors for the Future Fellowship); Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (2219-1059B192000996)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 132 references in the paper
Research resources: Goat anti-Rabbit IgG RRID:AB_10563566, specifically neuronal nuclei (NeuN RRID:AB_10807945, Doublecortin (DCX RRID:AB_1586992, Goat anti-rat IgG RRID:AB_2534074, RRID:AB_2534117, Goat anti-guinea pig IgG RRID:AB_2535867, RRID:AB_2576217, RRID:AB_2905596, Ki67 RRID:AB_443209, s100β RRID:AB_882426, RRID:SCR_002798, RRID:SCR_014242

Abstract

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose a significant risk to the developing human brain, and recent epidemiological data suggest PCBs increase the risk and/or severity of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), including autism spectrum disorder (autism). Experimental animal studies confirm that PCBs disrupt neurodevelopment, resulting in behavioral deficits. Historically, research on the developmental neurotoxicity of PCBs has focused on the higher-chlorinated PCBs found in legacy commercial mixtures; however, lower-chlorinated PCBs (LC-PCBs), including congeners not present in commercial mixtures, predominate in contemporary human exposures. Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that one such LC-PCB, PCB 11, altered dendritic arborization, a cellular phenotype common to multiple NDD. Whether PCB 11 modulates dendritic morphogenesis in vivo is not known. In this study, we investigated how gestational and lactational exposure to PCB 11 in the maternal diet affected critical neurodevelopmental processes in juvenile male and female mice. C57BL/6J mouse dams were exposed to vehicle or PCB 11 at 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg/day in their diet for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Brain tissue was collected from offspring at postnatal day (P)4 and P21 to assess dendritic arborization, apoptosis, glial reactivity, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus and neocortex. PCB 11 dose-dependently reduced the dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex by 13%–25% but had no significant effect on the dendritic morphogenesis of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. Apoptosis was not altered by PCB 11 in either brain region of either sex at either age. While PCB 11 had no effect on neurogenesis at P4, it dose-dependently decreased neurogenesis by 15%–70% in the dentate gyrus at P21. GFAP immunoreactivity and the morphological complexity of astrocytes were increased by 40%–60% and 20%–60%, respectively, in the CA1 hippocampus of female mice exposed to 0.1 mg/kg/day PCB 11; in contrast, PCB 11 had no effect on IBA1 immunoreactivity. These findings demonstrate that developmental exposure to PCB 11 promoted NDD-relevant cellular phenotypes in a dose, sex, and region-dependent manner, providing experimental evidence in support of epidemiological data identifying PCBs as potential NDD risk modifiers. Ongoing studies are investigating behavioral responses in weanling mice developmentally exposed to PCB 11.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

Zenodo 19716216

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Size: 1 file
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: the text, “Morphometric analyses of astrocytes”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: tidyverse (3 files)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 27 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
4 files

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 3 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

Datasets cited

Data availability statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: Dryad Data Repository at DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t76hdr8fb.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 8 authors, 7 keywords, 3 funders, 131 references, 12 RRIDs.

Cite

This paper

Wilson, R. J., Panesar, H. K., Dursun, I., Mendieta, R., Andrew, P. M., Li, X., Lehmler, H.-J., & Lein, P. J. (2026). Neurodevelopmental outcomes relevant to autism in juvenile mice exposed to PCB 11 in the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation. Frontiers in toxicology, 8, 1816944. https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2026.1816944

BibTeX

@article{wilson2026neurodevelopmental,
author = {Wilson, Rebecca J. and Panesar, Harmanpreet K. and Dursun, Ilknur and Mendieta, Rosalia and Andrew, Peter M. and Li, Xueshu and Lehmler, Hans-Joachim and Lein, Pamela J.},
title = {{Neurodevelopmental outcomes relevant to autism in juvenile mice exposed to PCB 11 in the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation}},
journal = {Frontiers in toxicology},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
volume = {8},
pages = {1816944},
publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
issn = {2673-3080},
doi = {10.3389/ftox.2026.1816944},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2026.1816944},
pmid = {42643987},
pmcid = {PMC13506163}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Wilson, Rebecca J.
AU - Panesar, Harmanpreet K.
AU - Dursun, Ilknur
AU - Mendieta, Rosalia
AU - Andrew, Peter M.
AU - Li, Xueshu
AU - Lehmler, Hans-Joachim
AU - Lein, Pamela J.
TI - Neurodevelopmental outcomes relevant to autism in juvenile mice exposed to PCB 11 in the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation
T2 - Frontiers in toxicology
J2 - Front Toxicol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/12
VL - 8
SP - 1816944
SN - 2673-3080
PB - Frontiers Media SA
DO - 10.3389/ftox.2026.1816944
UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2026.1816944
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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