OSCR

Integration of Brain Proteomes and Genome-Wide Association Data Identifies GLO1 as a Candidate Causal Gene and Therapeutic Target for Restless Legs Syndrome.

Code ↔ Paper

The paper beside its authors' code: matches between them have not been computed for this paper yet.

Paper

Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC

The paper is loaded when this pane is shown.

The authors' code

TypeScript · 18 lines · 825 B · MIT

  1. /**
  2. * @file Align Utils
  3. * @author Alexander Rose <[email hidden]>
  4. * @private
  5. */
  6. import Structure from '../structure/structure';
  7. /**
  8. * Perform structural superposition of two structures,
  9. * optionally guided by a sequence alignment
  10. * @param {Structure|StructureView} s1 - structure 1 which is superposed onto structure 2
  11. * @param {Structure|StructureView} s2 - structure 2 onto which structure 1 is superposed
  12. * @param {Boolean} [align] - guide the superposition by a sequence alignment
  13. * @param {String} [sele1] - selection string for structure 1
  14. * @param {String} [sele2] - selection string for structure 2
  15. * @return {undefined}
  16. */
  17. declare function superpose(s1: Structure, s2: Structure, align?: boolean, sele1?: string, sele2?: string): number | import("three").Matrix4 | undefined;
  18. export { superpose };

align-utils.d.ts at commit 0db8803, under MIT · at the source

Overview

Authors: Lingyu Zhang1, Qianqian Jin2, Ruochen Du1, Yuxiang Liang1
ORCID iDs: Yuxiang Liang
  1. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Human Disease and Animal Models, Experimental Animal Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
  2. Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
Institutions: Shanxi Medical University (China)
Journal: International journal of molecular sciences, volume 27, issue 10, article 4446
Dates: received 12 March 2026; accepted 4 May 2026; published online 15 May 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.3390/ijms27104446 · PMID 42196425 · PMCID PMC13206922 · OpenAlex W7161594834
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: genetics / omics (modality), human (organism), sleep disorders (population), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Statistics
Keywords: restless legs syndrome, GLO1, proteome-wide association study, Mendelian randomization, drug target
MeSH: Brain*, Genome-Wide Association Study*, Lactoylglutathione Lyase*, Proteome*, Restless Legs Syndrome*, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Molecular Docking Simulation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Proteomics, Quantitative Trait Loci (* major topic)
Topic: Restless Legs Syndrome Research (Epidemiology, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Shanxi Science and Technology Department (202503021211130)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 47 references in the paper

Abstract

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder with limited treatment options and incompletely understood pathophysiology. Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous risk loci, but translating these findings into causal genes and therapeutic targets remains challenging. We performed a proteome-wide association study (PWAS) integrating RLS genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from FinnGen with two brain pQTL datasets (ROSMAP and Banner). We validated the identified proteins using TWAS, SMR, and colocalization analyses using brain pQTL and eQTL datasets. To further investigate peripheral protein associations, we performed SMR using plasma pQTL data from the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project (UKB-PPP). We also conducted a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) to screen for potential off-target effects of the prioritized genes, followed by drug prediction using DSigDB and molecular docking. PWAS identified GLO1, along with GRWD1 and MAP2K5, as significantly associated with RLS. GLO1 was identified by brain-based SMR (p = 0.0001), colocalization (PP.H4 = 0.96), TWAS (p = 0.048), and was confirmed by plasma-based SMR (p = 3.16 × 10−9) as the only protein associated with RLS. PheWAS analysis, without associations for 783 non-RLS phenotypes, confirmed the specificity of GLO1. Among 27 predicted GLO1-targeting compounds, Gambierol had the strongest binding affinity (−8.3 kcal/mol). This proteogenomic study identifies GLO1 as a prioritized causal gene and promising drug target for RLS, combining brain and plasma data to provide new insights into pathogenesis and candidate drug development.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

arose/ngl

License: MIT
State: the link answers, verified on 28 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 0db88033650614103be761f151efc923b66e977e, 3 September 2026
Languages: TypeScript (637), JavaScript (174), Python (3), Shell (3)
Size: 1,129 files, 817 scripts
Software Heritage: archived
Found in: the text, “4.10. Molecular Docking”
Holds: README, license file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Not found: CITATION.cff, environment file
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 28 September 2026: the link answers
  • 28 September 2026: the link answers
819 files
At the source: github.com/arose/ngl

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 817 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • no match between paragraphs and code yet;
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data Availability Statement

No new data were generated in this study. All data analyzed are publicly available summary statistics from the following sources: FinnGen RLS GWAS (https://www.finngen.fi/, accessed on 3 May 2026) and Verma et al. [20]; ROSMAP brain pQTL (https://adsp-fgc.niagads.org, accessed on 3 May 2026); Banner brain pQTL (described in Beach et al. [24] and Wingo et al. [22]); CommonMind Consortium (CMC) brain eQTL (http://CommonMind.org, accessed on 3 May 2026); eQTLGen blood eQTL (https://www.eqtlgen.org, accessed on 3 May 2026); UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project (UKB-PPP) plasma pQTL (https://registry.opendata.aws/, accessed on 3 May 2026). Supplementary Tables are included with the manuscript.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 4 authors, 5 keywords, 11 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 47 references.

Cite

This paper

Zhang, L., Jin, Q., Du, R., & Liang, Y. (2026). Integration of Brain Proteomes and Genome-Wide Association Data Identifies GLO1 as a Candidate Causal Gene and Therapeutic Target for Restless Legs Syndrome. International journal of molecular sciences, 27(10), 4446. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104446

BibTeX

@article{zhang2026integration,
author = {Zhang, Lingyu and Jin, Qianqian and Du, Ruochen and Liang, Yuxiang},
title = {{Integration of Brain Proteomes and Genome-Wide Association Data Identifies GLO1 as a Candidate Causal Gene and Therapeutic Target for Restless Legs Syndrome}},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {27},
number = {10},
pages = {4446},
publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},
issn = {1422-0067},
doi = {10.3390/ijms27104446},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104446},
pmid = {42196425},
pmcid = {PMC13206922}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Zhang, Lingyu
AU - Jin, Qianqian
AU - Du, Ruochen
AU - Liang, Yuxiang
TI - Integration of Brain Proteomes and Genome-Wide Association Data Identifies GLO1 as a Candidate Causal Gene and Therapeutic Target for Restless Legs Syndrome
T2 - International journal of molecular sciences
J2 - Int J Mol Sci
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/15
VL - 27
IS - 10
SP - 4446
SN - 1422-0067
PB - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DO - 10.3390/ijms27104446
UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104446
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.3390/ijms27104446",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Integration of Brain Proteomes and Genome-Wide Association Data Identifies GLO1 as a Candidate Causal Gene and Therapeutic Target for Restless Legs Syndrome",
"container-title": "International journal of molecular sciences",
"author": [
{
"family": "Zhang",
"given": "Lingyu"
},
{
"family": "Jin",
"given": "Qianqian"
},
{
"family": "Du",
"given": "Ruochen"
},
{
"family": "Liang",
"given": "Yuxiang"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Int J Mol Sci",
"volume": "27",
"issue": "10",
"page": "4446",
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms27104446",
"PMID": "42196425",
"PMCID": "PMC13206922",
"ISSN": "1422-0067",
"publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104446",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
5,
15
]
]
}
}

The tracing map gets a citation of its own once an author has validated it and it has a DOI.

Similar papers

The papers with a page that share the most with this one: the tools found in their code, their categories, datasets, cited references and authors, the rarest counting most.

[1] doi:10.1017/s0033291726104565 [code]
Integrative multi-omics identifies &lt;i&gt;DOC2A&lt;/i&gt; as a novel pharmacological target for bipolar disorder.
Journal: Psychological medicine
In common: genetics / omics, 6 references
[2] doi:10.1002/alz.71552
APOE*4 risk-modifying genes and drug targets in Alzheimer's disease through cell-type-specific genomic analyses.
Journal: Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association
In common: genetics / omics, cellular / molecular, 5 references
[3] doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10030-4 [code]
Cell-type-aware transcriptome-wide association studies identify 91 independent risk genes for Alzheimer's disease dementia.
Journal: Communications biology
In common: genetics / omics, cellular / molecular, 4 references
[4] doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2709174
Exploring the shared genetic architecture between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Journal: European journal of psychotraumatology
In common: sleep disorders, genetics / omics, cellular / molecular, 3 references
[5] doi:10.1038/s41588-026-02646-3 [code]
Co-expression-based models improve eQTL predictions for transcriptome-wide association studies and highlight new schizophrenia-associated genes.
Journal: Nature genetics
In common: genetics / omics, cellular / molecular, 3 references
[6] doi:10.1097/md.0000000000048634
Identifying therapeutic target genes for stroke through systematic druggable Mendelian randomization analysis.
Journal: Medicine
In common: genetics / omics, cellular / molecular, 3 references
[7] doi:10.1002/brb3.71366
Integrative Multi-Omics Mendelian Randomization Highlights Causal Autophagy-Related Genes for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Journal: Brain and behavior
In common: genetics / omics, cellular / molecular, 3 references
[8] doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08266-z [code]
Single-cell multi-omic integration analysis prioritizes druggable genes and reveals cell-type-specific causal effects in glioblastomagenesis.
Journal: Journal of translational medicine
In common: genetics / omics, cellular / molecular, 3 references
[9] doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08098-x [code]
Targeting the astrocyte-microglia EFEMP1-GALNT10 axis: a spatially programmable therapeutic strategy for hippocampal vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal: Journal of translational medicine
In common: genetics / omics, cellular / molecular, 3 references
[10] doi:10.1167/iovs.67.8.61 [code]
A Shared Genetic Basis Underlying Myopia-Exotropia Comorbidity.
Journal: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
In common: genetics / omics, 3 references

Contribute

The authors of this paper can claim it, correct its record and validate its tracing map, and the maintainers of its code (its owner, or a public member of its organization) correct what it says of their repository; anyone signed in can ask for its removal. Every request goes to OSCR's own machine, which answers it; your account page follows them.

Sign in with ORCID to claim this paper as one of its authors, correct its record or validate its tracing map: when the paper's metadata lists your ORCID iD, you are recognized at once. Maintainers of its code: sign in with GitHub, then claim the repository on your account page.

Request its removal

To ask OSCR to remove this record, the copies of its authors' scripts or its tracing map, use the removal request page: signed in, you say who you are, what to remove and why, then review and confirm the request. Published rules decide every request (how).

Discussion, reproductions, activity

Discussion: questions and error reports about this paper and its code, from signed-in readers and its authors. It opens with sign-in.

Reproductions: reports from readers who ran the authors' code: what they reproduced, with which environment, commit and data. It opens with sign-in.

Activity: what happens around this paper: new versions of its record, its map's validation, discussions and reproductions. It opens with sign-in.