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The antipsychotic drug clozapine suppresses autoimmunity driving psychosis-like behavior in mice

Overview

  1. Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
  2. School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
  3. Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  4. Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
  5. Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  6. North London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
Institutions: The Francis Crick Institute (United Kingdom); University of Victoria (Canada); King's College London (United Kingdom); University College London (United Kingdom); North London NHS Foundation Trust (United Kingdom)
Dates: published online 31 March 2026
Type: Preprint
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.64898/2026.03.28.714971 · OpenAlex W7147504358
Open access: green, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Categories: mouse (organism), schizophrenia / psychosis (population), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Statistics, Connectivity, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: Psychosis, autoimmunity, clozapine, microglia, NMDAR
Topic: Tryptophan and brain disorders (Biological Psychiatry, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Wellcome Trust (226779/Z/22/Z)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 49 references in the paper
Research resources: Anti-Synaptophysin antibody [SY38] RRID:AB_2198854, RRID:AB_2338406, RRID:AB_2534080, RRID:AB_2535849, Goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) AP-conjugated RRID:AB_2617137, Anti-CD45R/B220 BUV396 antibody RRID:AB_2738427, EthoVision XT (v15) RRID:SCR_000441, Image Studio v6.1.0.79 RRID:SCR_007370, Adobe Illustrator RRID:SCR_010279, cellSens (microscope control software) RRID:SCR_014551, Xcalibur (v4.0.27.10) RRID:SCR_014593, QuPath (v0.5.1) RRID:SCR_018257, ChemiDoc MP Imaging System RRID:SCR_019037, Dionex UltiMate 3000 LC system RRID:SCR_019840, TSQ Quantiva mass spectrometer RRID:SCR_020568, TraceFinder (v5.1) RRID:SCR_023045, RRID:SCR_023772

Abstract

Antipsychotic drugs are the first-line treatment for psychosis yet their mechanism of action remains poorly understood, largely due to the challenge to faithfully model psychosis preclinically. Here, we focus on the emerging concept that psychosis can be caused by brain autoimmunity and present a novel mouse model of anti-N-me-thyl-D-aspartate-receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, a condition that manifests with psychosis and autoantibodies against the NMDAR. We devised a new mRNA-based approach to immunize mice against the NMDAR. Immunized mice developed psychosis-like behaviors that were caused by anti-NMDAR autoantibodies leading to phagocytosis of NMDARs by brain microglia. The antipsychotic drug clozapine rescued psychosis-like behaviors and, remarkably, reduced anti-NMDAR autoantibody levels and antibody-mediated phagocytosis of NMDARs. The immunomodulatory effects of clozapine were confirmed in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Our results demonstrate that clozapine suppresses autoimmunity driving psychosis-like behaviors, raising the possibility that immunomodulation contributes to antipsychotic drug action.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

No file of the authors' code could be read here: it is described below, and read at its source.

FrancisCrickInstitute/HeFeldman2026

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link is dead, verified on 30 September 2026
Evidence: found in the paper
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data and code availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link is dead
  • 30 September 2026: the link is dead

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data and code availability

All raw data supporting the findings of this study is available on Figshare at https://doi.org/10.25418/crick.31333318. All analysis code required to reproduce the figures is available on Github at https://github.com/FrancisCrickInstitute/HeFeldman2026. Both repositories will be made publicly accessible upon publication.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, journal, dates, 18 authors, 5 keywords, 1 funder, 47 references, 17 RRIDs.

Cite

This paper

He, L., Feldman, H., Nguyen, T., Bosc, M., Polisetty, V., Kriel, O., Land-wehr, A., Borg, A., Subtil, F. T., Khakpour, M., Zhou, J., Kjær, S., MacCabe, J., Pollak, T. A., Tremblay, M.-E., Vinuesa, C. G., Hayday, A., & Schmack, K. (2026). The antipsychotic drug clozapine suppresses autoimmunity driving psychosis-like behavior in mice. bioRxiv (preprint). https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.28.714971

BibTeX

@article{he2026antipsychotic,
author = {He, Le and Feldman, Harriet and Nguyen, Timothy and Bosc, Marion and Polisetty, Vasishta and Kriel, Orla and Land-wehr, Antonia and Borg, Annabel and Subtil, Fernanda Teixera and Khakpour, Mohammadparsa and Zhou, Jitong and Kjær, Svend and MacCabe, James and Pollak, Thomas A. and Tremblay, Marie-Eve and Vinuesa, Carola G. and Hayday, Adrian and Schmack, Katharina},
title = {{The antipsychotic drug clozapine suppresses autoimmunity driving psychosis-like behavior in mice}},
journal = {bioRxiv (preprint)},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
publisher = {bioRxiv},
issn = {2692-8205},
doi = {10.64898/2026.03.28.714971},
url = {https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.28.714971}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - He, Le
AU - Feldman, Harriet
AU - Nguyen, Timothy
AU - Bosc, Marion
AU - Polisetty, Vasishta
AU - Kriel, Orla
AU - Land-wehr, Antonia
AU - Borg, Annabel
AU - Subtil, Fernanda Teixera
AU - Khakpour, Mohammadparsa
AU - Zhou, Jitong
AU - Kjær, Svend
AU - MacCabe, James
AU - Pollak, Thomas A.
AU - Tremblay, Marie-Eve
AU - Vinuesa, Carola G.
AU - Hayday, Adrian
AU - Schmack, Katharina
TI - The antipsychotic drug clozapine suppresses autoimmunity driving psychosis-like behavior in mice
T2 - bioRxiv (preprint)
J2 - bioRxiv
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/03/31
SN - 2692-8205
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.03.28.714971
UR - https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.28.714971
ER -

CSL-JSON

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