From Genes to Neurochemistry: Excitation and Inhibition Mechanisms of Sensory Differences in Autism
The 3 matches
- [1] § Materials and Methods › Vibrotactile psychophysics ↔ R/BATD_analyze.R, lines 233–286 · score 0.93 · DDTdown, DDTup, static detection threshold, ADTssa, dynamic detection threshold, simultaneous amplitude discrimination
- [2] § Materials and Methods › Vibrotactile psychophysics ↔ R/BATD_extract_OF.R, lines 140–194 · score 0.73 · static detection threshold, dynamic detection threshold, simultaneous amplitude discrimination, 350 um, judgement, temporal
- [3] § Materials and Methods › Vibrotactile psychophysics ↔ R/BATD_analyze.R, lines 233–286 · score 0.53 · ADTssa, DDT, SDT, SQAD, adaptation, thresholds
Paper
Loaded from Europe PMC by your browser, not stored by OSCR: doi.org · Europe PMC
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The authors' code
R · 286 lines · 15 KB · no license · 2 matches
- #' BATD_analyze
- #'
- #' Analyze extracted data for from "BATD_extract_NF" or "BATD_extract_OF" for a single participant. This function only requires a dataframe containing the performance output of participants who have had their data extracted using either BATD_extract_NF or BATD_extract_OF.
- #' BATD_analyze is used to analyze the datafrom a single participant. In order to analyze data from multiple participants, we recommend users use "BATD_analyze_all".
- #'
- #' @param dataframe refers to a dataframe produced from "BATD_extract_NF" or "BATD_extract_OF"
- #'
- #' @return BATD_analyze will return a dataframe with a single row, containing the performance metrics for all the protocols completed by a given participant.
- #'
- #' @examples
- #' Examples are currently NA
- #'
- #' @export
- BATD_analyze <- function(dataframe){
- ##VERSION ----
- Version <- c("BATD_V.1.7")
- #DEBUGGING ----
- debugging <- "off"
- if(debugging=="on"){
- print("Note: Debugging on")
- dataframe <- temp2
- }
- # Setup -------------------------------------------------------------------
- '%ni%' <- Negate('%in%') #create the function for %ni% (not in)
- library(dplyr) #for some reason I can't call 'lead' or 'lag' without reading in the dplyr library
- dataframe <- dataframe #redundant code but useful for debugging (ignore)
- unique_number_of_runs <- unique(dataframe$run) #identify the unique number of runs completed
- list_of_protocols_by_run <- list()
- for(r in unique_number_of_runs){
- #Subset the data by the run and analyze the data
- data <- dataframe[dataframe$run==r,] #Subset to the current run
- protocolsCompleted <- as.character(unique(data$protocolName)) #identify the number of protocols completed
- protocolsCompleted <- protocolsCompleted[!is.na(protocolsCompleted)] #legacy: remove any NAs (haven't tested without this line yet)
- ## SECTION 2 (extract the participant and protocol details) ----
- # ___ 1.1 Participant Details -----------------------------------------------------
- id <- as.character(data$id[1])
- race <- as.character(data$race[1])
- gender <- as.character(data$gender[1])
- handedness <- as.character(data$handedness[1])
- birthYear <- as.character(data$birthYear[1])
- participant_details <- cbind(id, race, gender, handedness, birthYear)
- # ___ 1.2 Protocol Details --------------------------------------------------------
- dateTested <- as.character(dataframe$date[1])
- extractedBy <- Version
- run <- r
- site <- data$Site[1]
- protocolDetails <- cbind(dateTested, extractedBy, site, run)
- ## SECTION 2 (Analyze each of the protocols completed identified in SECTION 1)----
- analyzed_protocols_list <- list() # Create an external list to put the analyzed protocols
- for(p in 1:length(protocolsCompleted)){ #For loops which subsets into the nth protocol completed for a given session
- #Basic cleaning of dataframe ----
- protocol <- protocolsCompleted[p] #state the current protocol (legacy: haven't tried running without this yet)
- protocolData <- data[data$protocolName==protocolsCompleted[p],] #Subset to relevant protocol
- if(nrow(protocolData) < 1){next} #(legacy)
- sessionData <- protocolData
- #Change performance column values to numeric ----
- sessionData <- sessionData[!is.na(sessionData$trialNumber),] #remove any trials without a trial number (legacy)
- sessionData$responseTime <- as.numeric(as.character(sessionData$responseTime)) #turn responseTime to numeric
- sessionData$correctResponse <- as.numeric(as.character(sessionData$correctResponse)) #turn correctResponse to numeric
- sessionData$value <- as.numeric(as.character(sessionData$value)) #turn string variables into numeric
- numberofPracticeTrials <- as.numeric(as.character(sessionData$numberofPracticeTrials[1]))
- #adding one so that the trials start AFTER the n of practice trials
- if(numberofPracticeTrials > 1){
- numberofPracticeTrials <- numberofPracticeTrials + 1
- }
- #here we remove the practice trials if the n > 10, this is because some sites actually ran a whole protocol as a practice, rather than the first number of trials (usually 3)
- #If practice trials were ran as a whole protocol, they are just treated as a protocol
- if(numberofPracticeTrials < 9){
- sessionData <- sessionData[numberofPracticeTrials:nrow(sessionData),] #remove practice trials
- sessionData$trialNumber <- 1:nrow(sessionData) #reset trial numbers
- }
- sessionData_for_thresholds <- sessionData
- sessionData <- sessionData[!is.na(sessionData$response),] #some protocols had a last trial where a response was not made, this response is not included (CONSIDER MAKING THIS BASED ON SITE)
- #General variables ----
- medianRT <- median(sessionData$responseTime, na.rm = TRUE)
- sdRT <- sd(sessionData$responseTime, na.rm = TRUE)
- accuracy <- (sum(sessionData$correctResponse, na.rm = TRUE)/nrow(sessionData))*100
- #Reversals ----
- a <- sessionData$value
- b <- lag(sessionData$value,1)
- reversals <- as.data.frame(cbind(b,a))
- colnames(reversals) <- c("valueprior", "value")
- reversals$valuediff <- reversals$value-reversals$valueprior #value difference
- reversals$valuediffprior <- lead(reversals$valuediff,1)
- reversals$sign <- sign(reversals$valuediff)
- reversals$signs <- lead(sign(reversals$valuediff),1)
- reversals$signs[reversals$signs==0] <- -1
- reversals$reversals <-reversals$sign+reversals$signs
- reversals$reversals[reversals$reversals==0] <- "Reversals"
- reversals <- length(which(reversals$reversals=="Reversals"))
- #Key variables ----
- #For the reaction time protocols
- if(protocol %in% c("Simple Reaction Time","Choice Reaction Time")){
- if(sum(sessionData$correctResponse) >= 6){
- correctResponses <- sessionData$responseTime[sessionData$correctResponse==1]
- middle <- length(correctResponses)/2
- median6 <- correctResponses[(middle-3):(middle+2)]
- meanRT <- mean(median6)
- } else {
- meanRT <- NA}}
- #For the tactile threshold protocols
- #Estimate Threshold
- if(protocol %ni% c("Simple Reaction Time","Choice Reaction Time")){
- sessionData <- sessionData_for_thresholds
- if(nrow(sessionData) > 5){
- threshold <- mean(sessionData$value[(nrow(sessionData)-4):(nrow(sessionData))])
- }else{
- threshold <- NA
- }
- }
- #Estimate Threshold for dynamic detection threshold (done differently)
- if (protocol %in% c(
- "Dynamic Detection Threshold",
- "Dynamic Detection Threshold (up)",
- "Dynamic Detection Threshold (down)"
- )) {
- sessionData <- sessionData_for_thresholds
- threshold <- mean(sessionData$value[sessionData$correctResponse == 1]) #mean of hte correct responses
- }
- #Else, if it is an amplitude discrimination protocol
- if(protocol %in% c("Simultaneous Amplitude Discrimination",
- "Sequential Amplitude Discrimination",
- "Dual Staircase Amplitude Discrimination (up)",
- "Dual Staircase Amplitude Discrimination (down)",
- "Amplitude Discrimination with Single Site Adaptation",
- "Amplitude Discrimination with Dual Site Adaptation",
- "Sequential Amplitude Challenge",
- "Simultaneous Amplitude Discrimination with adaptation"
- )){
- threshold <- threshold - 100 #remove the standard stimulus from threshold
- }
- #If frequency discrimination protocol
- if(protocol %in% c(
- "Simultaneous Frequency Discrimination",
- "Sequential Frequency Discrimination"
- )){
- threshold <- threshold - 30 #remove the standard stimulus from threshold
- }
- #If duration discrimination protocol
- if(protocol %in% c("Duration Discrimination")){
- threshold <- threshold - 500
- }
- #If protocol is SSA 2 Block from the STES experiments at KCL, we need to re-estimate everything because there should be two sets of thresholds (before and after adaptation),
- if(protocol %in% c("SSA 2 Block")){
- sessionDataOne <- sessionData[1:24,]
- sessionDataTwo <- sessionData[25:nrow(sessionData),]
- sessionDataX_list <- list()
- for(x in 1:2){
- #if x == 1, then set sessionDataX to be the first half of the protocol
- if(x == 1){
- sessionDataX <- sessionDataOne
- }
- # else, set it to be the second half of the protocol
- if(x == 2){
- sessionDataX <- sessionDataTwo
- }
- #estimate medianRT, sdRT and accuracy for the given sessionDataX
- medianRT <- median(sessionDataX$responseTime, na.rm = TRUE)
- sdRT <- sd(sessionDataX$responseTime, na.rm = TRUE)
- accuracy <- (sum(sessionDataX$correctResponse, na.rm = TRUE)/nrow(sessionData))*100
- #estimate reversals for given sessionDataX
- a <- sessionDataX$value
- b <- lag(sessionDataX$value,1)
- reversals <- as.data.frame(cbind(b,a))
- colnames(reversals) <- c("valueprior", "value")
- reversals$valuediff <- reversals$value-reversals$valueprior #value difference
- reversals$valuediffprior <- lead(reversals$valuediff,1)
- reversals$sign <- sign(reversals$valuediff)
- reversals$signs <- lead(sign(reversals$valuediff),1)
- reversals$signs[reversals$signs==0] <- -1
- reversals$reversals <-reversals$sign+reversals$signs
- reversals$reversals[reversals$reversals==0] <- "Reversals"
- reversals <- length(which(reversals$reversals=="Reversals"))
- #estimate thresholds for given sessionDataX
- threshold <- mean(sessionDataX$value[(nrow(sessionDataX)-4):(nrow(sessionDataX))]) - 100 #note 100 being subtracted
- sessionDataX_list[[x]] <- cbind(medianRT, sdRT, accuracy, reversals, threshold)
- }
- #combine and add tags to each session
- sessionDataOne_output <- as.data.frame(sessionDataX_list[[1]])
- colnames(sessionDataOne_output) <- paste0(colnames(sessionDataOne_output), "_SSA2_pt1")
- sessionDataTwo_output <- as.data.frame(sessionDataX_list[[2]])
- colnames(sessionDataTwo_output) <- paste0(colnames(sessionDataTwo_output), "_SSA2_pt2")
- }
- #Column bind variables -----
- if(protocol %in% c("Simple Reaction Time","Choice Reaction Time")){
- outPut <- cbind(accuracy, medianRT, sdRT, meanRT)}else{outPut <- cbind(accuracy, medianRT, sdRT, threshold, reversals)}
- #Add a tag to the end of the column names to specify which protocol the outPut is from ----
- tag <- ifelse(protocol=="Simple Reaction Time", "_SRT",
- ifelse(protocol=="Choice Reaction Time", "_CRT",
- ifelse(protocol=="Static Detection Threshold", "_SDT",
- ifelse(protocol=="Static Detection Threshold with Adaptation ISI 30", "_SDT30",
- ifelse(protocol=="Static Detection Threshold with Adaptation ISI 100", "_SDT100",
- ifelse(protocol=="Dynamic Detection Threshold", "_DDT",
- ifelse(protocol=="Amplitude Discrimination Threshold without Adaptation", "_ADT",
- ifelse(protocol=="Amplitude Discrimination with Single Site Adaptation", "_ADTssa",
- ifelse(protocol=="Amplitude Discrimination with Dual Site Adaptation", "_ADTdsa",
- ifelse(protocol=="Dual Staircase Amplitude Discrimination (up)", "_ADTdsa_up",
- ifelse(protocol=="Dual Staircase Amplitude Discrimination (down)", "_ADTdsa_down",
- ifelse(protocol=="Simultaneous Frequency Discrimination", "_SMFD",
- ifelse(protocol=="Sequential Frequency Discrimination", "_SQFD",
- ifelse(protocol=="Simultaneous Amplitude Discrimination", "_SMAD",
- ifelse(protocol=="Sequential Amplitude Discrimination", "_SQAD",
- ifelse(protocol=="Temporal Order Judgement", "_TOJ",
- ifelse(protocol=="Temporal Order Judgement with Carrier", "_TOJwc",
- ifelse(protocol=="Duration Discrimination", "_DD",
- ifelse(protocol=="Dynamic Detection Threshold (up)", "_DDTup",
- ifelse(protocol=="Dynamic Detection Threshold (down)", "_DDTdown",
- ifelse(protocol=="Sequential Amplitude Challenge", "_SQAD",
- ifelse(protocol=="Simultaneous Amplitude Discrimination with adaptation", "_SMADadp", NA))))))))))))))))))))))
- colnames(outPut) <- paste0(colnames(outPut), tag)
- if(protocol %in% c("SSA 2 Block")){
- outPut <- cbind(sessionDataOne_output, sessionDataTwo_output)
- }
- analyzed_protocols_list[[p]] <- outPut
- }
- participant_output <- do.call(cbind, analyzed_protocols_list)
- #Convert the analyzed data to numeric ----
- participant_output <- suppressWarnings(as.data.frame(participant_output))
- participant_output[,1:ncol(participant_output)] <- suppressWarnings(sapply(participant_output[,1:ncol(participant_output)], suppressWarnings(as.character)))
- participant_output[,1:ncol(participant_output)] <- suppressWarnings(sapply(participant_output[,1:ncol(participant_output)], suppressWarnings(as.numeric)))
- #Append additional details ----
- participant_output <- cbind(participant_details, protocolDetails, participant_output)
- list_of_protocols_by_run[[r]] <- participant_output
- }
- participant_output <- plyr::rbind.fill(list_of_protocols_by_run)
- return(participant_output)
- }
BATD_analyze.R at commit a8def81, no license · at the source
Overview
15 affiliations
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Human genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University de Paris, France
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mannheim, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology of Childhood and Adolescence, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Semmelweisstraße 12, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Early life Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, UK
Abstract
The abstract is not reproduced here: the paper's license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow it. Read it in the paper, at the publisher or on Europe PMC.
Repository
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 3 matches between paragraphs and lines of code.
HeJasonL/BATD
a8def8144aff27d30ab5010ad98b1facb09cdb0d, 13 February 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers
- 27 September 2026: the link answers
27 files
- R/
BATD.R , R, 12 lines - R/
BATD_analyze.R , R, 286 lines, 2 matches - R/
BATD_analyze_all.R , R, 70 lines - R/
BATD_extract.R , R, 131 lines - R/
BATD_extract_NF.R , R, 384 lines - R/
BATD_extract_OF.R , R, 250 lines, 1 match - R/
BATD_plot.R , R, 172 lines - R/
BATD_plot_all.R , R, 78 lines - R/
extract/ , R, 131 linesextract.R - R/
extract/ , R, 388 linesextract_nf.R - R/
extract/ , R, 254 linesextract_of.R - R/
extract/ , R, 166 lineshelpers/ common_extraction.R - R/
extract/ , R, 136 lineshelpers/ format_detection.R - R/
format_detection.R , R, 136 lines - R/
load_config.R , R, 194 lines - R/
plot/ , R, 172 linesplot.R - R/
plot/ , R, 78 linesplot_all.R - R/
utils/ , R, 18 linesoperators.R - tests/
testthat.R , R, 5 lines - tests/
testthat/ , R, 49 linestest-backward-compatibil ity.R - tests/
testthat/ , R, 80 linestest-batd-extract-wrappe r.R - tests/
testthat/ , R, 58 linestest-format-detection.R - tests/
testthat/ , R, 66 linestest-normalize-demograph ics.R - tests/
testthat/ , R, 53 linestest-operators.R - tests/
testthat/ , R, 119 linestest-shared-helpers.R - tests/
testthat/ , R, 157 linestest_config.R - README.md, Text, 337 lines
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 26 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- 3 matches between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.
Data availability statement
The paper has a data availability statement. Its license (CC BY-NC-ND) does not allow reproducing it here; in short, from what the harvester recognized in it:
- no repository, dataset or request procedure was recognized in it
Read it in the paper: doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.14.26358047.
Versions
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Version 2, 28 September 2026
- Authors: added Nicolaas A. Puts (0000-0003-1024-1927); removed Nicolaas A. Puts
- Funding: added Autism Speaks; European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations; Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative; European Commission
Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, journal, dates, 22 authors, 125 references.
Cite
This paper
Thomson, A. R., Hollestein, V., Arenella, M., Powell, H., He, J., Oakley, B., Loth, E., Holt, R., Buitelaar, J. K., Colomar, L., Forde, N. J., Bourgeron, T., Falck-Ytter, T., Bussu, G., Banaschweski, T., Aggensteiner, P.-M., Edden, R., Charman, T., Pretzsch, C., . . . Puts, N. A. (2026). From Genes to Neurochemistry: Excitation and Inhibition Mechanisms of Sensory Differences in Autism. medRxiv (preprint). https://
BibTeX
@article{thomson2026gene
author = {Thomson, Alice R. and Hollestein, Viola and Arenella, Martina and Powell, Helen and He, Jason and Oakley, Beth and Loth, Eva and Holt, Rosemary and Buitelaar, Jan K. and Colomar, Laura and Forde, Natalie J. and Bourgeron, Thomas and Falck-Ytter, Terje and Bussu, Giorgia and Banaschweski, Tobias and Aggensteiner, Pascal-M and Edden, Richard and Charman, Tony and Pretzsch, Charlotte and Murphy, Declan and Arichi, Tomoki and Puts, Nicolaas A.},
title = {{From Genes to Neurochemistry: Excitation and Inhibition Mechanisms of Sensory Differences in Autism}},
journal = {medRxiv (preprint)},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
publisher = {medRxiv},
doi = {10.64898/
url = {https://
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Thomson, Alice R.
AU - Hollestein, Viola
AU - Arenella, Martina
AU - Powell, Helen
AU - He, Jason
AU - Oakley, Beth
AU - Loth, Eva
AU - Holt, Rosemary
AU - Buitelaar, Jan K.
AU - Colomar, Laura
AU - Forde, Natalie J.
AU - Bourgeron, Thomas
AU - Falck-Ytter, Terje
AU - Bussu, Giorgia
AU - Banaschweski, Tobias
AU - Aggensteiner, Pascal-M
AU - Edden, Richard
AU - Charman, Tony
AU - Pretzsch, Charlotte
AU - Murphy, Declan
AU - Arichi, Tomoki
AU - Puts, Nicolaas A.
TI - From Genes to Neurochemistry: Excitation and Inhibition Mechanisms of Sensory Differences in Autism
T2 - medRxiv (preprint)
J2 - medRxiv
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/
UR - https://
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.64898/
"type": "article",
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"family": "Thomson",
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