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Lymphatic Drainage of Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Lymph Node Seeker 64Cu-Labeled Gram-Negative Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles With Positron Emission Tomography (PET).

Overview

Authors: Kyuwan Kim1, Changjin Lee2, Hayoung Shin3,4, Ran Ji Yoo1, Yoori Choi1, Chanwoo Lee3, Insoo Kim3,4, Jaewook Lee3,4, Minseok Suh1, Yun‐Sang Lee1, Yong Song Gho3,4, Dong Soo Lee1,4,5
ORCID iDs: Kyuwan Kim, Yong Song Gho, Dong Soo Lee
  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
  2. SL Bigen Co. Ltd. Incheon South Korea
  3. Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
  4. Global Research Institute for Exosome Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
  5. Department of Medical Science and Engineering School of Convergence Science and Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
Institutions: Seoul National University (South Korea); Pohang University of Science and Technology (South Korea)
Journal: Journal of extracellular vesicles, volume 15, issue 8, article e70347
Dates: received 20 November 2024; accepted 12 July 2026; published online 9 August 2026; in print August 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC
Identifiers: DOI 10.1002/jev2.70347 · PMID 42572005 · PMCID PMC13453943 · OpenAlex W7202047091
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code on request
Categories: PET / SPECT (modality), mouse (organism), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Keywords: cerebrospinal fluid‐lymphatic drainage, outer membrane vesicles, extracellular vesicles, [64Cu]Cu‐extracellular vesicle PET, paravertebral lymph nodes
MeSH: Cerebrospinal Fluid*, Copper Radioisotopes*, Escherichia coli*, Extracellular Vesicles*, Gram-Negative Bacteria*, Lymph Nodes*, Positron-Emission Tomography*, Animals, Brain, Female, Mice, Spinal Cord (* major topic)
Topic: Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus (Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: National Research Foundation of Korea
Citations: cited by 2 papers (Europe PMC); 58 references in the paper

Abstract

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is drained into the systemic lymphatics via paravertebral lymph nodes. Superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes collect CSF in mice, but the exact and quantified routes are unknown. Recently, we simultaneously visualized cervical, sacral and iliac lymph nodes via serial imaging on the intrathecal [64Cu]Cu‐albumin positron emission tomography. Paravertebral lymph nodes might act as sentinels to monitor the CSF, brain, and spinal cord. We used 64Cu‐labeled Escherichia coli extracellular vesicles, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), as lymph node seekers for intrathecal administration and quantified the differential amounts of various paravertebral lymph nodes along the axis of the brain and spinal cord in mice. The quantified results revealed 77.3% in superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes, 11.4% in abdominal/pelvic lymph nodes and 11.3% in sacral lymph nodes. Click‐labeled [64Cu]Cu‐OMVs were drained to reach and stop at the lymph nodes on serial quantification. The cervical lymph nodes drained most of the OMV‐laden CSF, which is proportional to the surface areas of the brain (70%) and spinal cord in mice. We propose that all paravertebral lymph nodes monitor the segmental regions of the brain and spinal cord as immediate sentinel lymph nodes against the central nervous system.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY-NC), from the paper cited above.

Code

The paper says that its authors' code is available on request: it was not published with the paper, so there is nothing to verify.

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

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Data

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Data Availability Statement

All data are available in the main text or supplementary materials. All data, code, and materials in the analysis are available through a standard material transfer agreement with POSTECH for academic and nonprofit purposes by contacting the corresponding authors ( or ).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY-NC), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 12 authors, 5 keywords, 12 MeSH terms, 1 funder, 58 references.

Cite

This paper

Kim, K., Lee, C., Shin, H., Yoo, R. J., Choi, Y., Lee, C., Kim, I., Lee, J., Suh, M., Lee, Y., Gho, Y. S., & Lee, D. S. (2026). Lymphatic Drainage of Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Lymph Node Seeker 64Cu-Labeled Gram-Negative Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles With Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Journal of extracellular vesicles, 15(8), e70347. https://doi.org/10.1002/jev2.70347

BibTeX

@article{kim2026lymphatic,
author = {Kim, Kyuwan and Lee, Changjin and Shin, Hayoung and Yoo, Ran Ji and Choi, Yoori and Lee, Chanwoo and Kim, Insoo and Lee, Jaewook and Suh, Minseok and Lee, Yun‐Sang and Gho, Yong Song and Lee, Dong Soo},
title = {{Lymphatic Drainage of Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Lymph Node Seeker 64Cu-Labeled Gram-Negative Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles With Positron Emission Tomography (PET)}},
journal = {Journal of extracellular vesicles},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
volume = {15},
number = {8},
pages = {e70347},
publisher = {Wiley},
issn = {2001-3078},
doi = {10.1002/jev2.70347},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jev2.70347},
pmid = {42572005},
pmcid = {PMC13453943}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Kim, Kyuwan
AU - Lee, Changjin
AU - Shin, Hayoung
AU - Yoo, Ran Ji
AU - Choi, Yoori
AU - Lee, Chanwoo
AU - Kim, Insoo
AU - Lee, Jaewook
AU - Suh, Minseok
AU - Lee, Yun‐Sang
AU - Gho, Yong Song
AU - Lee, Dong Soo
TI - Lymphatic Drainage of Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Lymph Node Seeker 64Cu-Labeled Gram-Negative Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles With Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
T2 - Journal of extracellular vesicles
J2 - J Extracell Vesicles
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/01
VL - 15
IS - 8
SP - e70347
SN - 2001-3078
PB - Wiley
DO - 10.1002/jev2.70347
UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/jev2.70347
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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