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Identification of hub mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs involved in temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma (brain cancer) cell lines.

Overview

Authors: Mostafa Alamholo1,2, Alireza Tarinejad3
ORCID iDs: Mostafa Alamholo, Alireza Tarinejad
  1. Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Science and Modern Technology, Rojava University, Qamishlo, Syria
  2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Rojava University, Qamishlo, Syria
  3. Department of Biotechnology, Agriculture Faculty, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University,Tabriz, Iran
Institutions: Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University (Iran)
Journal: Discover oncology, volume 17, issue 1, article 1145
Dates: received 22 June 2025; accepted 18 May 2026; published online 5 June 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1007/s12672-026-05243-2 · PMID 42247190 · PMCID PMC13457988 · OpenAlex W7163714325
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: data only
Categories: other condition (population), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Keywords: Glioblastoma, Hub gene, LncRNAs, Therapeutic targets
Topic: Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research (Cancer Research, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology), according to OpenAlex
Citations: cited by 1 paper (Europe PMC); 57 references in the paper

Abstract

Purpose: Temozolomide (TMZ) is used to treat glioblastoma cancer and it is essential to identify key genes and investigate the molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma cancer cells resistant to temozolomide.

Materials and methods: Raw RNA-Seq data from glioblastoma cell lines were analyzed by Linux and used to align to the human reference genome GRCh38 using HISAT2 as well as edgeR in the R package was used. KEGG and EnrichR pathways were used for enrichment analysis and degree level in Cytoscape was used to identify hub genes.

Results: The top up-regulated genes included NeuroD4, IgSF21, PCDH8, ACKR1, and TC2N, and top down-regulated genes including ITGAX, SIGLEC-15, CCL8, MOG, PENK, and SELE were identified. The genes up-expressed in the biological process (BP) were mostly related to regulation of phospholipase c-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, in the molecular function (MF) belonged to calcium- dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase activity, and in the cellular component (CC) were associated with actin filament. Next, the genes down-expressed in the BP were mainly related to cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, in the MF related to chemokine receptor binding, and in the CC were belonged to MHC Class II protein complex. Key genes related to KEGG pathways mainly were shown chemokine, inflammations, apoptosis, and cell adhesion functions. Top up-regulated TFs including TFAP2C, and BCL11A and top down-regulated TFs such as IRF3, and CEBPB were identified. Top up-regulated hub genes including NEUROD1, DCX, and ACKR1 and top down-regulated hub genes such as IL1B, CXCL10, and ITGAX were identified. Top up-regulated lncRNAs including NAV2-AS2, CAMTA1-AS2, and MEIS1-AS3, and top down-regulated lncRNAs such as MIR3142HG, SUGCT-AS1, and DBH-AS1 were identified. Finally, this study was evaluated with qRT-PCR results of reported studies and the expression of down and up-regulated genes was confirmed.

Conclusion: Accordingly, these genes can be incorporated into clinical prognostic models and provide panels of genes for selecting personalized and appropriate therapeutic approaches. Overall, key genes can be suggested as influential genes associated with temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cell lines.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12672-026-05243-2.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

The paper links to its data, not to its authors' code: see the Data section.

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Data

Data links

Data availability

The data of Table 1 that support this study are available in NCBI GEO site at [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/] (https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) .

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 2 authors, 4 keywords, 57 references.

Cite

This paper

Alamholo, M., & Tarinejad, A. (2026). Identification of hub mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs involved in temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma (brain cancer) cell lines. Discover oncology, 17(1), 1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-026-05243-2

BibTeX

@article{alamholo2026identification,
author = {Alamholo, Mostafa and Tarinejad, Alireza},
title = {{Identification of hub mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs involved in temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma (brain cancer) cell lines}},
journal = {Discover oncology},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {1145},
publisher = {Springer},
issn = {2730-6011},
doi = {10.1007/s12672-026-05243-2},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-026-05243-2},
pmid = {42247190},
pmcid = {PMC13457988}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Alamholo, Mostafa
AU - Tarinejad, Alireza
TI - Identification of hub mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs involved in temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma (brain cancer) cell lines
T2 - Discover oncology
J2 - Discov Oncol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/05
VL - 17
IS - 1
SP - 1145
SN - 2730-6011
PB - Springer
DO - 10.1007/s12672-026-05243-2
UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-026-05243-2
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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