Brain age prediction in generalized anxiety disorder using a convolutional neural network.

1. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
2. Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
3. Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
4. Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC USA
5. Leiden University, Institute of Education & Child Studies, Section Forensic Family & Youth Care, Leiden, The Netherlands
6. Department of Psychology, HMU Health and Medical University Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
7. Sant Pau Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
8. Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
9. Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
10. Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
11. LiNC, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
12. Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
13. Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE USA
14. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital – Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
15. Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
16. Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY USA
17. Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA USA
18. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
19. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
20. Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
21. Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
22. Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
23. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
24. Psychology Department & Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
25. Center Of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
26. Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT USA
27. Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
28. Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT USA
29. Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
30. Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
31. Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
32. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
33. Department Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
34. Anxiety Disorder Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
35. Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
36. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
37. Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
38. Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
39. Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
40. Institute of Mental Health, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
41. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
42. Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
43. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
44. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
45. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
46. Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
47. Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
48. Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
49. Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
50. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
51. Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
52. Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
53. Department of Psychology, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
54. “Enrico Fermi“ Research Center, Rome, Italy
55. Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
56. Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
57. IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
58. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX USA
59. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK USA
60. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
61. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
62. Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
63. Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
64. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO USA
65. Machine Learning Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
66. Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
67. German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Berlin-Potsdam, Berlin, Germany
68. Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
69. Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
70. Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
71. Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
72. Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
73. South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
74. University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX USA
75. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA

@article{richier2026brain,
author = {Richier, Corey and Zugman, André and Harrewijn, Anita and Cardinale, Elise M and Khosravi, Parmis and Aghajani, Moji and Bruin, Willem B and Hilbert, Kevin and Cardoner, Narcis and Porta-Casteràs, Daniel and Cano, Marta and Gosnell, Savannah and Salas, Ramiro and Jackowski, Andrea P and Pan, Pedro M and Salum, Giovanni A and Blair, Karina S and Blair, James R and Milad, Mohammed R and Burkhouse, Katie L and Phan, K Luan and Schroeder, Heidi K and Strawn, Jeffrey R and Beesdo-Baum, Katja and Jahanshad, Neda and Thomopoulos, Sophia I and Nielsen, Jared A and Smoller, Jordan W and Soares, Jair C and Mwangi, Benson and Wu, Mon-Ju and Zunta-Soares, Giovana B and Assaf, Michal and Diefenbach, Gretchen J and Brambilla, Paolo and Maggioni, Eleonora and Hofmann, David and Straube, Thomas and Andreescu, Carmen and Price, Rebecca B and Manfro, Gisele G and Agosta, Federica and Canu, Elisa and Cividini, Camilla and Filippi, Massimo and Kostić, Milutin and Munjiza Jovanovic, Ana and Benson, Brenda and Freitag, Gabrielle F and Leibenluft, Ellen and Ringlein, Grace V and Werwath, Kathryn and Zwiebel, Hannah and Grabe, Hans J and Van der Auwera, Sandra and Wittfeld, Katharina and Völzke, Henry and Bülow, Robin and Balderston, Nicholas L and Ernst, Monique and Mujica-Parodi, Lilianne R and van Nieuwenhuizen, Helena and Critchley, Hugo D and Makovac, Elena and Mancini, Matteo and Meeten, Frances and Ottaviani, Cristina and Fonzo, Gregory A and Paulus, Martin P and Stein, Murray B and Gur, Raquel E and Gur, Ruben C and Kaczkurkin, Antonia N and Larsen, Bart and Satterthwaite, Theodore D and Harper, Jennifer and Perino, Michael T and Sylvester, Chad M and Yu, Qiongru and McClure, Patrick and Pereira, Francisco and Lueken, Ulrike and Veltman, Dick J and Thompson, Paul M and Groenewold, Nynke A and Bas-Hoogendam, Janna Marie and Stein, Dan J and Van der Wee, Nic J A and Winkler, Anderson M and Pine, Daniel S and Sawyers, Chelsea K},
title = {{Brain age prediction in generalized anxiety disorder using a convolutional neural network}},
journal = {Translational psychiatry},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {368},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
issn = {2158-3188},
doi = {10.1038/s41398-026-04078-3},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04078-3},
pmid = {42177199},
pmcid = {PMC13377091}
}

TY - JOUR
AU - Richier, Corey
AU - Zugman, André
AU - Harrewijn, Anita
AU - Cardinale, Elise M
AU - Khosravi, Parmis
AU - Aghajani, Moji
AU - Bruin, Willem B
AU - Hilbert, Kevin
AU - Cardoner, Narcis
AU - Porta-Casteràs, Daniel
AU - Cano, Marta
AU - Gosnell, Savannah
AU - Salas, Ramiro
AU - Jackowski, Andrea P
AU - Pan, Pedro M
AU - Salum, Giovanni A
AU - Blair, Karina S
AU - Blair, James R
AU - Milad, Mohammed R
AU - Burkhouse, Katie L
AU - Phan, K Luan
AU - Schroeder, Heidi K
AU - Strawn, Jeffrey R
AU - Beesdo-Baum, Katja
AU - Jahanshad, Neda
AU - Thomopoulos, Sophia I
AU - Nielsen, Jared A
AU - Smoller, Jordan W
AU - Soares, Jair C
AU - Mwangi, Benson
AU - Wu, Mon-Ju
AU - Zunta-Soares, Giovana B
AU - Assaf, Michal
AU - Diefenbach, Gretchen J
AU - Brambilla, Paolo
AU - Maggioni, Eleonora
AU - Hofmann, David
AU - Straube, Thomas
AU - Andreescu, Carmen
AU - Price, Rebecca B
AU - Manfro, Gisele G
AU - Agosta, Federica
AU - Canu, Elisa
AU - Cividini, Camilla
AU - Filippi, Massimo
AU - Kostić, Milutin
AU - Munjiza Jovanovic, Ana
AU - Benson, Brenda
AU - Freitag, Gabrielle F
AU - Leibenluft, Ellen
AU - Ringlein, Grace V
AU - Werwath, Kathryn
AU - Zwiebel, Hannah
AU - Grabe, Hans J
AU - Van der Auwera, Sandra
AU - Wittfeld, Katharina
AU - Völzke, Henry
AU - Bülow, Robin
AU - Balderston, Nicholas L
AU - Ernst, Monique
AU - Mujica-Parodi, Lilianne R
AU - van Nieuwenhuizen, Helena
AU - Critchley, Hugo D
AU - Makovac, Elena
AU - Mancini, Matteo
AU - Meeten, Frances
AU - Ottaviani, Cristina
AU - Fonzo, Gregory A
AU - Paulus, Martin P
AU - Stein, Murray B
AU - Gur, Raquel E
AU - Gur, Ruben C
AU - Kaczkurkin, Antonia N
AU - Larsen, Bart
AU - Satterthwaite, Theodore D
AU - Harper, Jennifer
AU - Perino, Michael T
AU - Sylvester, Chad M
AU - Yu, Qiongru
AU - McClure, Patrick
AU - Pereira, Francisco
AU - Lueken, Ulrike
AU - Veltman, Dick J
AU - Thompson, Paul M
AU - Groenewold, Nynke A
AU - Bas-Hoogendam, Janna Marie
AU - Stein, Dan J
AU - Van der Wee, Nic J A
AU - Winkler, Anderson M
AU - Pine, Daniel S
AU - Sawyers, Chelsea K
TI - Brain age prediction in generalized anxiety disorder using a convolutional neural network
T2 - Translational psychiatry
J2 - Transl Psychiatry
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/24
VL - 16
IS - 1
SP - 368
SN - 2158-3188
PB - Nature Publishing Group
DO - 10.1038/s41398-026-04078-3
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04078-3
LA - en
ER -

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