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Network-specific enhancement of global blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals and CSF coupling after language therapy in post-stroke aphasia.

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The authors' code

Markdown · 24 lines · 887 B · no license

  1. # Code_for_cal_gBOLD_CSF
  2. Minimal MATLAB example for computing gBOLD–CSF coupling
  3. # gBOLD–CSF Coupling Demo
  5. This repository provides a minimal MATLAB implementation of the gBOLD–CSF coupling analysis, based on the method described by Fultz et al. (Science, 2019)
  6. ---
  8. ## 📂 Files
  10. - `demo_main.m` – main script for group-level gBOLD–CSF coupling computation
  11. - `compute_gBOLD_CSF_coupling.m` – computes cross-correlation between gBOLD and CSF time series
  12. - `compute_gBOLD_derivative_correlation.m` – computes correlation between CSF and the negative first derivative of gBOLD
  13. - `permutation_test_coupling.m` – performs a permutation-based significance test (10,000 iterations)
  15. ---
  17. ## 🚀 Usage
  19. Open MATLAB and run:
  21. ```matlab
  22. load('example_gbold.mat'); % [T x N] matrix of gBOLD signals
  23. load('example_csf.mat'); % [T x N] matrix of CSF signals
  24. demo_main

README.md at commit 231f2ba, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Chao Zhang1, Tao Feng2, Jingyun Sha1, Xiao Wang1, Lulu Cai1, Chong Meng1, Chunfeng Hu1, Jie Xiang2, Kai Xu1
  1. Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221006, P.R. China
  2. Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221006, P.R. China
Institutions: Xuzhou Medical College (China); Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College (China)
Journal: Brain communications, volume 8, issue 2, article fcag106
Dates: received 31 May 2025; accepted 21 March 2026; published online 24 March 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1093/braincomms/fcag106 · PMID 41940189 · PMCID PMC13049551 · OpenAlex W7140227200
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified (how the code is found and verified)
Categories: fMRI (modality), human (organism), stroke (population), clinical / translational (subfield)
Methods: Spectral & time-frequency, Statistics, Machine learning, Preprocessing, Connectivity, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: post-stroke aphasia, cerebrospinal fluid, resting-state fMRI, BOLD, network
Topic: Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus (Clinical Neurology, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Jiangsu Commission of Health (LKM2023014); Health Committee of Jiangsu Province (H2023134); Paired Assistance Scientific Research Project; Xuzhou Medical University (SHJDBF2024216, PYJH2025205)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 47 references in the paper

Abstract

Emerging evidence indicates that stroke may impair glymphatic function by disrupting cerebrospinal fluid clearance. The coupling between global blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals and cerebrospinal fluid flow has been proposed as a non-invasive biomarker of glymphatic activity. However, it remains unclear whether this coupling can be modulated through rehabilitation. This study investigated whether language therapy in patients with post-stroke aphasia enhances global blood-oxygen-level-dependent– cerebrospinal fluid coupling, thereby reflecting potential restoration of fluid–brain interaction. This longitudinal observational study was conducted at a single centre and included 20 patients with post-stroke aphasia and 35 age- and sex-balanced healthy controls. All participants underwent MRI scanning, including resting-state blood-oxygen-level-dependent and structural imaging. Among the post-stroke aphasia group, 14 patients completed both pre- and post-treatment assessments after undergoing a standardized 4-week speech-language therapy programme. The Western Aphasia Battery was used to quantify language deficits and monitor treatment-related changes. Global blood-oxygen-level-dependent–cerebrospinal fluid coupling was quantified using cross-correlation analysis across the whole brain and four predefined language-related resting-state networks. At baseline, patients exhibited significantly reduced global blood-oxygen-level-dependent–cerebrospinal fluid coupling compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). Following therapy, coupling significantly increased within the language, salience and dorsal attention networks, whereas coupling within the default mode network significantly decreased (all P < 0.05). Notably, increased global blood-oxygen-level-dependent–cerebrospinal fluid coupling in specific networks was significantly correlated with improvements in targeted language functions, such as object naming, responsive naming and auditory word recognition (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that language rehabilitation enhances neurophysiological coupling between brain activity and cerebrospinal fluid flow, potentially reflecting restoration of fluid–brain interaction in post-stroke aphasia.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

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Freebird811/Code_for_cal_gBOLD_CSF

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 30 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 231f2ba358b168fe6d800a01e64ba09cc5785530, 11 November 2025
Size: 2 files
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: “Data availability”
Holds: README
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers
  • 30 September 2026: the link answers
1 file
At the source: github.com/Freebird811/Code_for_cal_gBOLD_CSF.git

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

The datasets that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Due to participant privacy and ethical restrictions, raw MRI data cannot be publicly shared. The custom MATLAB scripts used for data preprocessing are openly available on GitHub at: https://github.com/Freebird811/Code_for_cal_gBOLD_CSF.git.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 9 authors, 5 keywords, 4 funders, 45 references.

Cite

This paper

Zhang, C., Feng, T., Sha, J., Wang, X., Cai, L., Meng, C., Hu, C., Xiang, J., & Xu, K. (2026). Network-specific enhancement of global blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals and CSF coupling after language therapy in post-stroke aphasia. Brain communications, 8(2), fcag106. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcag106

BibTeX

@article{zhang2026network,
author = {Zhang, Chao and Feng, Tao and Sha, Jingyun and Wang, Xiao and Cai, Lulu and Meng, Chong and Hu, Chunfeng and Xiang, Jie and Xu, Kai},
title = {{Network-specific enhancement of global blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals and CSF coupling after language therapy in post-stroke aphasia}},
journal = {Brain communications},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {fcag106},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
issn = {2632-1297},
doi = {10.1093/braincomms/fcag106},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcag106},
pmid = {41940189},
pmcid = {PMC13049551}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Zhang, Chao
AU - Feng, Tao
AU - Sha, Jingyun
AU - Wang, Xiao
AU - Cai, Lulu
AU - Meng, Chong
AU - Hu, Chunfeng
AU - Xiang, Jie
AU - Xu, Kai
TI - Network-specific enhancement of global blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals and CSF coupling after language therapy in post-stroke aphasia
T2 - Brain communications
J2 - Brain Commun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/03/24
VL - 8
IS - 2
SP - fcag106
SN - 2632-1297
PB - Oxford University Press
DO - 10.1093/braincomms/fcag106
UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcag106
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"title": "Network-specific enhancement of global blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals and CSF coupling after language therapy in post-stroke aphasia",
"container-title": "Brain communications",
"author": [
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"given": "Chao"
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"issued": {
"date-parts": [
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