Bifurcation of neural firing patterns driven by potassium dynamics and neuron-electrode geometry during high-frequency stimulation.
Paper
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The authors' code
NEURON hoc · 26 lines · 548 B · no license
- objref stim_amp
- stim_amp = new Vector()
- stim_amp.resize(4800001)
- stim_amp.fill(0)
- xopen("Istim100Hz10sbiphasicpulse.dat")
- AMP=1
- proc attach_stim() {
- forall {
- if (ATTACHED__ == 0) {
- if (ismembrane("xtra")) {
- stim_amp.play(&is_xtra, 0.025)
- ATTACHED__ = 1
- }
- }
- }
- }
- proc setstim() {
- xopen("Istim100Hz10sbiphasicpulse.dat")
- stim_amp.mul($1)
- attach_stim()
- }
- xpanel("Extracellular Stimulus Current(mA)", 0)
- xvalue("amp (mA)", "AMP", 1, "setstim(AMP)", 0, 1)
- xpanel(100,700)
Istim.hoc at commit 1c4dbc0, no license · at the source
Overview
- Research Center for Life Sciences Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, Sanya Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering for Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Abstract
High-frequency stimulation (HFS), the basis of deep brain stimulation, elicits diverse neuronal responses, yet the mechanisms remain unclear. Classical conduction block theories cite sodium channel inactivation and axonal failure but cannot explain the abrupt, reproducible firing transitions observed in vivo. Here, we combine single-unit recordings from rat CA1 neurons with a biophysically detailed multi-compartment model to examine how HFS shapes axonal excitability. The results show that neuronal responses are governed by two coupled factors: the electrode–axon geometry and peri-axonal extracellular potassium ([K⁺]o) dynamics. Small changes in either parameter reliably triggered bifurcation-like transitions between tonic, clustered, and low-rate regular firing. Conduction block preceded initiation failure with increasing electrode-axon distance, whereas elevated [K⁺]o shifted membranes between excitable and non-excitable states. This unified bifurcation framework extends the conduction block hypothesis, recasts axons as nonlinear elements, and provides mechanistic insights to optimize electrode placement, stimulation tuning, and closed-loop neuromodulation strategies.
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Repository
Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.
ssssamiyahn/Bifurcation-of-neural-firing-patterns-during-high-frequency-stimulation
1c4dbc02a46166cfb73cf4952ff0994f7d4bac58, 19 March 2026Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers
- 30 September 2026: the link answers
24 files
- Simulation code/
Istim.hoc , NEURON, 26 lines - Simulation code/
Nakpump.mod , NEURON, 47 lines - Simulation code/
ca.mod , NEURON, 131 lines - Simulation code/
calcrxc_stim.hoc , NEURON, 24 lines - Simulation code/
calvrec.mod , NEURON, 64 lines - Simulation code/
defsave.hoc , NEURON, 157 lines - Simulation code/
defsave_node.hoc , NEURON, 215 lines - Simulation code/
fastK.mod , NEURON, 83 lines - Simulation code/
init.hoc , NEURON, 30 lines - Simulation code/
kca.mod , NEURON, 114 lines - Simulation code/
kdifrl.mod , NEURON, 53 lines - Simulation code/
kdifus.mod , NEURON, 96 lines - Simulation code/
kma.mod , NEURON, 103 lines - Simulation code/
kms.mod , NEURON, 112 lines - Simulation code/
ksteady.mod , NEURON, 28 lines - Simulation code/
kv.mod , NEURON, 111 lines - Simulation code/
membrane_dynamic.hoc , NEURON, 324 lines - Simulation code/
morphology.hoc , NEURON, 155 lines - Simulation code/
na12.mod , NEURON, 149 lines - Simulation code/
na16.mod , NEURON, 149 lines - Simulation code/
nax.mod , NEURON, 109 lines - Simulation code/
setpointers.hoc , NEURON, 17 lines - Simulation code/
xtra.mod , NEURON, 146 lines - README.md, Text, 104 lines
The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.
Tracing map
Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.
What the map holds:
- 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
- 23 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
- no match between paragraphs and code yet;
- neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.
Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.
Data
No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.
Data Availability
The simulation data related to this study are available at https://
Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.
Versions
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Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record
Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 8 authors, 9 MeSH terms, 5 funders, 50 references.
Cite
This paper
Yuan, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, C., Yan, H., Zhang, N., Zhang, K., Guo, Z., & Wang, Z. (2026). Bifurcation of neural firing patterns driven by potassium dynamics and neuron-electrode geometry during high-frequency stimulation. PLoS computational biology, 22(4), e1014228. https://
BibTeX
@article{yuan2026bifurca
author = {Yuan, Yue and Zhang, Junyang and Wang, Chen and Yan, Hao and Zhang, Ning and Zhang, Kun and Guo, Zheshan and Wang, Zhaoxiang},
title = {{Bifurcation of neural firing patterns driven by potassium dynamics and neuron-electrode geometry during high-frequency stimulation}},
journal = {PLoS computational biology},
year = {2026},
month = apr,
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {e1014228},
publisher = {PLOS},
issn = {1553-734X},
doi = {10.1371/
url = {https://
pmid = {42048389},
pmcid = {PMC13124058}
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
AU - Yuan, Yue
AU - Zhang, Junyang
AU - Wang, Chen
AU - Yan, Hao
AU - Zhang, Ning
AU - Zhang, Kun
AU - Guo, Zheshan
AU - Wang, Zhaoxiang
TI - Bifurcation of neural firing patterns driven by potassium dynamics and neuron-electrode geometry during high-frequency stimulation
T2 - PLoS computational biology
J2 - PLoS Comput Biol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/
VL - 22
IS - 4
SP - e1014228
SN - 1553-734X
PB - PLOS
DO - 10.1371/
UR - https://
LA - en
ER -
CSL-JSON
{
"id": "10.1371/
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "Bifurcation of neural firing patterns driven by potassium dynamics and neuron-electrode geometry during high-frequency stimulation",
"container-title": "PLoS computational biology",
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{
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{
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"container-title-short":
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