Dissociable Mechanisms Underlie Differences Between Memory and Metamemory in Older Adults: The Differentiating Role of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms.

Overview

1. Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
2. Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
3. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA

Abstract

The ability to remember (i.e., memory ability) and to accurately discern memory function (i.e., metamemory) are both important facets of cognition. In the present study, we examined the shared and distinct sources of variance across memory ability and metamemory using psychometrically validated measures of memory ability, metamemory, and anxiety and depression symptoms in conjunction with multimodal imaging (i.e., structural MRI, tau PET) in a sample of cognitively normal older adults (N = 72). Replicating a growing body of work, we found that metamemory was more tightly linked to anxiety and depression symptoms relative to objective measures of memory ability. Our results also revealed that the hippocampus was a critical locus of both memory ability and metamemory—hippocampal volume was positively associated with memory ability, but not metamemory, whereas increased hippocampal tau pathology exacerbated the negative effect of anxiety and depression symptoms on metamemory. Importantly, we also found that after controlling for anxiety and depression symptoms and tau burden, there was a positive association between memory ability and metamemory. Our findings also demonstrated the importance of assessing different facets of metamemory; self‐reported memory contentment and ability, but not strategy use, showed the strongest relationships with both anxiety and depression symptoms and hippocampal tau burden. Together, these results suggest that both shared and distinct mechanisms underlie memory ability and metamemory processes in older adults. Chiefly, this work highlights the potential of metamemory measures as sensitive tools to understand affective processes that occur in both healthy and pathological aging, independent of memory ability.

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Data Availability Statement

All data and analysis code are publicly available on the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/6et32. Supporting Information provide additional descriptions and auxiliary analyses.

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Version 2, 28 September 2026

• Publisher: — → Wiley

Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 6 authors, 5 keywords, 16 MeSH terms, 4 funders, 78 references, 7 RRIDs.

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This paper

Crawford, J. L., Adornato, A. A., Matulonis, J., Chen, X., Hooker, J. M., & Berry, A. S. (2026). Dissociable Mechanisms Underlie Differences Between Memory and Metamemory in Older Adults: The Differentiating Role of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms. Hippocampus, 36(3), e70100. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.70100

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