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The long-term impact of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on neural dynamics in deep-layer retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus in mice.

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  1. [1] § STAR★Methods › Method details › Field-spike coherence and phase-locking ↔ HI_phase-amplitude coupling.m, lines 1 to 43 · score 0.66 · phase amplitude coupling, frequency band, modulation, 100 Hz · Report a mismatch

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MATLAB · 302 lines · 11 KB · CC-BY-4.0 · 1 match

  1. % Script for simulating EEG data for testing cross-frequency
  2. % phase-amplitude coupling methods
  3. % defining center frequencies, for which to calculate coupling
  4. freq4phs = 9; % in Hz
  5. freq4amp = 60; % in Hz
  6. % amount of simulations (e. g. 100 for coupling or 10000 for no coupling)
  7. nrpts = 100;
  8. % defining frequency band borders accoring to the center frequencies
  9. freq_ph_min = freq4phs-1; % in Hz
  10. freq_ph_max = freq4phs+1; % in Hz
  11. freq_amp_min = freq4amp-freq_ph_max; % in Hz
  12. freq_amp_max = freq4amp+freq_ph_max; % in Hz
  13. % define parameters used for modifying the simulated signal
  14. trial_length = [400,2500,5000]; % in msec
  15. sampling_rate = [500 1000]; % in Hz
  16. noise = [0.9,1,1.1]; % additional noise
  17. modulation_strength = [0.9,1,1.1];
  18. mw_max_dur = (1000/((freq_ph_min+freq_ph_max)/2))/4;
  19. modulation_width = [0.9*mw_max_dur,mw_max_dur,1.1*mw_max_dur]; % in ms
  20. phasic = {'mono','bi'};
  21. ntrial = 30; % amount of trials extracted from the simulated data
  22. niter = 1000; % amount of iterations for permutation testing
  23. % defining data length according to trial length and amount of trials
  24. datalength = zeros(size(trial_length));
  25. for n=1:length(trial_length)
  26. datalength(n) = (trial_length(n)/1000 * ntrial) + ntrial;
  27. end
  28. % initialising phase-amplitude plot
  29. nbin = 18;
  30. winsize = 2*pi/nbin;
  31. position = zeros(1,nbin); % in radians
  32. for j=1:nbin
  33. position(j) = -pi+(j-1)*winsize;
  34. end
  35. % initialise empty cell matrix for PAC values
  36. PAC_values = cell(nrpts,length(datalength),length(sampling_rate), ...
  37. length(noise),length(modulation_strength),length(modulation_width), ...
  38. length(phasic));
  39. % shuffling random number generator
  40. rng('shuffle'); % creates a different seed for the rand-nr-generator
  41. rng_settings = rng; % saves current settings of the generator
  42. rng_example = rand(1,5); % saves 5 examples of the generated random nrs
  43. eeglab;
  44. cd 'C:\spike analysis\maria\modulation index\noise_generation' % function for ...
  45. % noise generation downloaded from ...
  46. % https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/42919-pink-red- ...
  47. % blue-and-violet-noise-generation-with-matlab
  48. runIdx = 1;
  49. for iteri=1:nrpts
  50. % simulating EEG structure for eegfilt
  51. EEG.srate = 1000; % initial sampling rate
  52. EEG.pnts = max(datalength)*EEG.srate;
  53. EEG.nbchan = 1;
  54. EEG.trials = 1;
  55. EEG.data = rednoise(EEG.pnts);
  56. EEG.times = 0:1/EEG.srate:max(datalength)-1/EEG.srate;
  57. rawEEG = EEG;
  58. for dli=1:length(datalength)
  59. for sri=1:length(sampling_rate)
  60. for noi=1:length(noise)
  61. for msi=1:length(modulation_strength)
  62. for mwi=1:length(modulation_width)
  63. for phi=1:length(phasic)
  64. EEG = rawEEG;
  65. % change original data to defined length
  66. EEG.data = EEG.data(1:datalength(dli)*EEG.srate);
  67. EEG.pnts = length(EEG.data);
  68. EEG.times = 0:1/EEG.srate:datalength(dli)-1/EEG.srate;
  69. EEG.xmax = (datalength(dli)-1/EEG.srate);
  70. % resample original data
  71. EEG = pop_resample(EEG, sampling_rate(sri));
  72. % initialise random time points for permuted phase time series in data
  73. % points
  74. numpoints_trial = (datalength(dli) - ntrial) / ntrial * sampling_rate(sri);
  75. % bandpass filtering phase_signal
  76. sig_ph = pop_eegfiltnew(EEG, freq_ph_min, freq_ph_max, [], 0, [], 0);
  77. sig_ph = sig_ph.data; % lower frequency signal for phase
  78. % bandpass filtering amplitude_signal
  79. sig_amp = pop_eegfiltnew(EEG,freq_amp_min, freq_amp_max, [], 0, [], 0);
  80. sig_amp = sig_amp.data; % higher frequency signal for power
  81. % modulate amplitude signal, if there is modulation, i.e. I~=0;
  82. if modulation_strength(msi)~=0
  83. % creation of a Hanning window with "uneven" length, in order to be
  84. % able to place it evenly around the extreme values
  85. if rem(ceil((modulation_width(mwi)/1000*EEG.srate)),2)
  86. myHanning = modulation_strength(msi) .* ...
  87. hann(ceil(modulation_width(mwi)/1000*EEG.srate))';
  88. else % the data length of the Hanning window is even;
  89. % therefore one data point is subtracted
  90. myHanning = modulation_strength(msi) .* ...
  91. hann(ceil((modulation_width(mwi)/1000*EEG.srate)-1))';
  92. end
  93. modulation_width_final = length(myHanning) * 1000/EEG.srate;
  94. % find peak indexes
  95. IdxMaxima = findpeaks(sig_ph);
  96. if strcmp(phasic(phi),'mono') % modulation only at peaks
  97. % Looping through all peaks and multiply amplitude with hanning
  98. % window
  99. for exi=1:length(IdxMaxima.loc)
  100. StartIdx = IdxMaxima.loc(exi)-floor(length(myHanning)/2);
  101. EndIdx = IdxMaxima.loc(exi)+floor(length(myHanning)/2);
  102. if StartIdx < 1
  103. y = 1-StartIdx;
  104. shortenedHann = myHanning(y+1:end);
  105. StartIdx = 1;
  106. sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx) = sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx).*(1+shortenedHann);
  107. elseif EndIdx > length(sig_amp)
  108. y = EndIdx - length(sig_amp);
  109. shortenedHann = myHanning(1:end-y);
  110. EndIdx = length(sig_amp);
  111. sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx) = sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx).*(1+shortenedHann);
  112. else
  113. sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx) = sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx).*(1+myHanning);
  114. end
  115. end
  116. elseif strcmp(phasic(phi),'bi') % modulation at peaks and throughs
  117. % find peaks indexes: already done
  118. % find through indexes
  119. DataInv = 1.01*max(sig_ph) - sig_ph;
  120. IdxMinima = findpeaks(DataInv);
  121. IdxExtrms(1:length(IdxMaxima.loc)) = IdxMaxima.loc;
  122. IdxExtrms(length ...
  123. (IdxMaxima.loc)+1:length(IdxMaxima.loc)+length(IdxMinima.loc)) = ...
  124. IdxMinima.loc;
  125. % Looping through all peaks and throughs and multiply amplitude with
  126. % Hanning window
  127. for exi=1:length(IdxExtrms)
  128. StartIdx = IdxExtrms(exi)-floor(length(myHanning)/2);
  129. EndIdx = IdxExtrms(exi)+floor(length(myHanning)/2);
  130. if StartIdx < 1
  131. y = 1-StartIdx;
  132. shortenedHann = myHanning(y+1:end);
  133. StartIdx = 1;
  134. sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx) = sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx).*(1+shortenedHann);
  135. elseif EndIdx > length(sig_amp)
  136. y = EndIdx - length(sig_amp);
  137. shortenedHann = myHanning(1:end-y);
  138. EndIdx = length(sig_amp);
  139. sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx) = sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx).*(1+shortenedHann);
  140. else
  141. sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx) = sig_amp(1,StartIdx:EndIdx).*(1+myHanning);
  142. end
  143. end
  144. end
  145. else
  146. % if there is no modulation, the above procedure
  147. % does not need to be carried out
  148. modulation_width_final = 0;
  149. end
  150. % generate additional noise
  151. EEG.data = rednoise(EEG.pnts);
  152. noise_ph = pop_eegfiltnew(EEG, freq_ph_min, freq_ph_max,[],0,[],0);
  153. noise_ph = noise_ph.data;
  154. noise_amp = pop_eegfiltnew(EEG,freq_amp_min,freq_amp_max,[],0,[],0);
  155. noise_amp = noise_amp.data;
  156. % final synthetic signal
  157. sig_ph = sig_ph + noise(noi) .* noise_ph;
  158. sig_amp = sig_amp + noise(noi) .* noise_amp;
  159. % extract amplitude and phase from simulated continiuous data
  160. phase_ts_cont = angle(hilbert(sig_ph));
  161. amplt_ts_cont = abs(hilbert(sig_amp));
  162. ph_ap_ts_cont = angle(hilbert(abs(hilbert(sig_amp))));
  163. % epoch data (as often real data does conatin data inconsistencies)
  164. triallength = (datalength(dli) - ntrial) / ntrial; % in sec
  165. marker_dist = 1+triallength;
  166. event_latency = ...
  167. EEG.srate/2:marker_dist*EEG.srate:marker_dist*ntrial*EEG.srate;
  168. start = 1;
  169. phase_ts = zeros(1,triallength*EEG.srate*ntrial);
  170. amplt_ts = zeros(1,triallength*EEG.srate*ntrial);
  171. ph_ap_ts = zeros(1,triallength*EEG.srate*ntrial);
  172. for eli=1:ntrial
  173. phase_ts(1,start:eli*triallength*EEG.srate) = ...
  174. phase_ts_cont(event_latency(eli):event_latency(eli)+ ...
  175. (triallength*EEG.srate-1));
  176. amplt_ts(1,start:eli*triallength*EEG.srate) = ...
  177. amplt_ts_cont(event_latency(eli):event_latency(eli)+ ...
  178. (triallength*EEG.srate-1));
  179. ph_ap_ts(1,start:eli*triallength*EEG.srate) = ...
  180. ph_ap_ts_cont(event_latency(eli):event_latency(eli)+ ...
  181. (triallength*EEG.srate-1));
  182. start = start + triallength*EEG.srate;
  183. end
  184. % calculate mean amplitude in phase bins for MI
  185. MeanAmp = zeros(1,nbin);
  186. for j=1:nbin
  187. MeanAmp(j) = mean(amplt_ts(find ...
  188. (phase_ts >= position(j) & phase_ts < position(j)+winsize)));
  189. end
  190. % calculate observed MI (complex-valued composite signal)
  191. NormAmp = MeanAmp/sum(MeanAmp);
  192. ShannonEntropy = -sum(NormAmp.*log(NormAmp));
  193. KL_Dist = log(nbin)-ShannonEntropy;
  194. obs_MI = KL_Dist / log(nbin);
  195. % calculate observed MVL (complex-valued composite signal)
  196. obs_MVL = mean(amplt_ts(:).*exp(1i*phase_ts(:)));
  197. % calculate observed PLV (complex-valued composite signal)
  198. obs_PLV = mean(exp(1i*(phase_ts(:) - ph_ap_ts(:))));
  199. % calculate observed GLM
  200. [obs_GLM,obs_GLM_CI,NrCtrlPts] = glmfun(phase_ts,amplt_ts,10,'AIC');
  201. % The glmfun.m provided by Kramer & Eden (2013), ...
  202. % was modified, such that it takes the phase time series and amplitude
  203. % time series instead of the band pass filtered signal.
  204. % split continious data into trials
  205. phase_ts = reshape(phase_ts,triallength*EEG.srate,ntrial);
  206. amplt_ts = reshape(amplt_ts,triallength*EEG.srate,ntrial);
  207. ph_ap_ts = reshape(ph_ap_ts,triallength*EEG.srate,ntrial);
  208. EEG.trials = ntrial;
  209. % calculate surrogate values
  210. permuted_phase = zeros(length(phase_ts),ntrial);
  211. permuted_MI = zeros(1,niter);
  212. permuted_MVL = zeros(1,niter);
  213. permuted_PLV = zeros(1,niter);
  214. permuted_GLM = zeros(1,niter);
  215. for s=1:niter
  216. skip = randsample ...
  217. (round(numpoints_trial*.8),ntrial) + round(numpoints_trial*.1);
  218. for ti=1:ntrial
  219. permuted_phase(:,ti) = phase_ts([skip(ti):end 1:skip(ti)-1],ti);
  220. end
  221. MeanAmpShuffeld = zeros(1,nbin);
  222. for j=1:nbin
  223. MeanAmpShuffeld(j) = mean(amplt_ts(find ...
  224. (permuted_phase>=position(j)&permuted_phase<position(j)+winsize)));
  225. end
  226. permuted_MI(s) = (log(nbin)- ...
  227. (-sum((MeanAmpShuffeld/sum(MeanAmpShuffeld)) .* ...
  228. log((MeanAmpShuffeld/sum(MeanAmpShuffeld)))))) / log(nbin);
  229. permuted_MVL(s) = abs(mean( amplt_ts(:).*exp(1i*permuted_phase(:)) ));
  230. permuted_PLV(s) = abs(mean(exp(1i*(permuted_phase(:) - ph_ap_ts(:)))));
  231. [permuted_GLM(s),~,~] =glmfun(permuted_phase(:),amplt_ts(:),NrCtrlPts);
  232. end
  233. % calculate z-standardized PAC values
  234. MIz = ( obs_MI - mean(permuted_MI)) / std(permuted_MI);
  235. MVLz = (abs(obs_MVL) - mean(permuted_MVL)) / std(permuted_MVL);
  236. PLVz = (abs(obs_PLV) - mean(permuted_PLV)) / std(permuted_PLV);
  237. GLMz = ( obs_GLM - mean(permuted_GLM)) / std(permuted_GLM);
  238. MVLphase = angle(obs_MVL);
  239. PLVphase = angle(obs_PLV);
  240. % save PAC values
  241. parameter_name = ['freq' num2str(freq4phs) 'to' num2str(freq4amp) '_' ...
  242. num2str(datalength(dli)) 'DL_' ...
  243. num2str(EEG.srate) 'SR_' ...
  244. num2str(noise(noi)*100) 'NO_' ...
  245. num2str(modulation_strength(msi)*10) 'MS_' ...
  246. num2str(modulation_width_final) 'MW_' char(phasic(phi))];
  247. toSave = {parameter_name,obs_MI,MIz,obs_MVL,MVLz,MVLphase, ...
  248. obs_PLV,PLVz,PLVphase,obs_GLM,obs_GLM_CI,NrCtrlPts,GLMz};
  249. PAC_values{iteri,dli,sri,noi,msi,mwi,phi} = toSave;
  250. % clear variables because of varying data length
  251. EEG.data=[]; EEG.srate=[]; EEG.times=[]; EEG.pnts=[]; EEG.nbchan=[];
  252. EEG.trials=[];
  253. clear sig_amp noise_amp amplt_ts amplt_ts_cont sig_ph noise_ph
  254. clear phase_ts phase_ts_cont permuted_phase ph_ap_ts ph_ap_ts_cont
  255. clear MeanAmp MeanAmpShuffeld NormAmp event_latency IdxMaxima myHanning
  256. clear bedname toSave
  257. end
  258. end
  259. end
  260. end
  261. end
  262. end
  263. save('tmp_results','PAC_values','rng_settings')
  264. end
  265. save('results','PAC_values','rng_settings','rng_example')

HI_phase-amplitude coupling.m, under CC-BY-4.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Lida Du1, Meng Yang1, Hendrik W Steenland1,2, Zhengwei Luo1, Andrea Ovcjak1, Ruiyan Hu1, Shuzo Sugita1, Kaori Takehara-Nishiuchi3, Luka Milosevic4, Zhong-Ping Feng1
ORCID iDs: Zhong-Ping Feng
  1. Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  2. Neurotek Incorporated, York, ON, Canada
  3. Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  4. Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Institutions: University of Toronto (Canada)
Journal: iScience, volume 29, issue 4, article 115003
Dates: received 23 April 2025; accepted 9 February 2026; published online 28 March 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115003 · PMID 42006293 · PMCID PMC13091419 · OpenAlex W7141541054
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified (how the code is found and verified)
Categories: mouse (organism), other condition (population), stroke (population), developmental (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Machine learning, Connectivity, Evoked potentials, Single-unit activity, calcium imaging, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: neuroscience, behavioral neuroscience, sensory neuroscience
Topic: Neonatal and fetal brain pathology (Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-191824, CIHR-PJT-153155)
Citations: cited by 1 paper (Europe PMC); 68 references in the paper

Abstract

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemia (HI) often results in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a major cause of neonatal mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental deficits. While motor and cognitive impairments are common, the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using a mouse model of neonatal HI, we examined long-term effects on neuronal activity in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and hippocampus through simultaneous electrophysiological recordings in freely moving adults. HI mice showed a significant reduction in neurons recorded per tetrode, and remaining pyramidal neurons in the ipsilateral hemisphere exhibited abnormal bursting, synchrony, and pathological spike-field coupling to theta-alpha oscillations. These neural abnormalities coincided with impaired motor learning performance across training sessions. Our findings reveal persistent disruptions in firing patterns and RSC-hippocampus communication, providing insight into long-term motor learning deficits at the single-neuron level, following neonatal HI brain injury.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

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Zenodo 18451609

License: CC-BY-4.0
State: the link answers, verified on 30 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Languages: MATLAB (8)
Size: 9 files, 8 scripts
Software Heritage: not checked
Found in: “Data and code availability”
Not found: README, license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 30 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
  • 30 September 2026: the link answers (HTTP 200)
8 files

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

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  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
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Data

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Data and code availability

All MATLAB analysis scripts and data supporting the findings of this study are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18451609.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 30 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 10 authors, 3 keywords, 1 funder, 67 references.

Cite

This paper

Du, L., Yang, M., Steenland, H. W., Luo, Z., Ovcjak, A., Hu, R., Sugita, S., Takehara-Nishiuchi, K., Milosevic, L., & Feng, Z.-P. (2026). The long-term impact of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on neural dynamics in deep-layer retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus in mice. iScience, 29(4), 115003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115003

BibTeX

@article{du2026long,
author = {Du, Lida and Yang, Meng and Steenland, Hendrik W and Luo, Zhengwei and Ovcjak, Andrea and Hu, Ruiyan and Sugita, Shuzo and Takehara-Nishiuchi, Kaori and Milosevic, Luka and Feng, Zhong-Ping},
title = {{The long-term impact of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on neural dynamics in deep-layer retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus in mice}},
journal = {iScience},
year = {2026},
month = mar,
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {115003},
publisher = {Elsevier},
issn = {2589-0042},
doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2026.115003},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115003},
pmid = {42006293},
pmcid = {PMC13091419}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Du, Lida
AU - Yang, Meng
AU - Steenland, Hendrik W
AU - Luo, Zhengwei
AU - Ovcjak, Andrea
AU - Hu, Ruiyan
AU - Sugita, Shuzo
AU - Takehara-Nishiuchi, Kaori
AU - Milosevic, Luka
AU - Feng, Zhong-Ping
TI - The long-term impact of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on neural dynamics in deep-layer retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus in mice
T2 - iScience
J2 - iScience
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/03/28
VL - 29
IS - 4
SP - 115003
SN - 2589-0042
PB - Elsevier
DO - 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115003
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115003
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

{
"id": "10.1016/j.isci.2026.115003",
"type": "article-journal",
"title": "The long-term impact of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on neural dynamics in deep-layer retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus in mice",
"container-title": "iScience",
"author": [
{
"family": "Du",
"given": "Lida"
},
{
"family": "Yang",
"given": "Meng"
},
{
"family": "Steenland",
"given": "Hendrik W"
},
{
"family": "Luo",
"given": "Zhengwei"
},
{
"family": "Ovcjak",
"given": "Andrea"
},
{
"family": "Hu",
"given": "Ruiyan"
},
{
"family": "Sugita",
"given": "Shuzo"
},
{
"family": "Takehara-Nishiuchi",
"given": "Kaori"
},
{
"family": "Milosevic",
"given": "Luka"
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{
"family": "Feng",
"given": "Zhong-Ping"
}
],
"container-title-short": "iScience",
"volume": "29",
"issue": "4",
"page": "115003",
"DOI": "10.1016/j.isci.2026.115003",
"PMID": "42006293",
"PMCID": "PMC13091419",
"ISSN": "2589-0042",
"publisher": "Elsevier",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115003",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
28
]
]
}
}

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[5] doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41746-0 [code]
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Journal: Nature communications
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[6] doi:10.1111/psyp.70265 [code]
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[7] doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54943-2 [code]
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Journal: Nature communications
In common: EEGLAB, Signal Processing Toolbox, mouse, 3 references
[8] doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46021-4 [code]
T-DOpE probes reveal sensitivity of hippocampal oscillations to cannabinoids in behaving mice.
Journal: Nature communications
In common: EEGLAB, Signal Processing Toolbox, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, mouse, 2 references
[9] doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66562-6 [code]
Spatiotemporal patterns differentiate hippocampal sharp-wave ripples from interictal epileptiform discharges in mice and humans.
Journal: Nature communications
In common: EEGLAB, Signal Processing Toolbox, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, mouse, 2 references
[10] doi:10.3389/fnsys.2026.1753562
When the gatekeeper falls: developmental vulnerability of the thalamic reticular nucleus in neonatal and pediatric hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Journal: Frontiers in systems neuroscience
In common: stroke, developmental, other condition, 3 references

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