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Depressive symptoms and neuroimaging markers of brain aging in an ethno-racially diverse sample: a Bayesian analysis.

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  1. [1] § Methods › Data ↔ 01_Create_MRI_Cohort.R, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.65 · MRI scans, missing race, covariates, Americans, written, cohorts

Paper

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The authors' code

R · 73 lines · 1.9 KB · no license · 1 match

  1. ####################################################################
  2. ## Add MRI Measures to the Cohort Data Cleaned for SENAS Analysis ##
  3. ####################################################################
  4. #written by: Emma Gause
  5. #Date: 07/19/23
  6. #Last updated: 11/08/23
  7. #load libraries:
  8. library("tidyverse")
  9. library("dplyr")
  10. #Create path to directory
  11. datadir1 <- "[directory path]"
  12. datadir2 <- "[directory path]"
  13. dataexp <- "[directory path]"
  14. #read in cohort data with covariates
  15. dat <- readRDS(paste0(datadir1, "Analysis_Data_081823.rds"))
  16. #read in mri data
  17. kmri <- readRDS(paste0(datadir2, "KHANDLE/Data/Imaging/khandle_T1_analysis_052322_age.rds"))
  18. smri <- readRDS(paste0(datadir2, "STAR/Data/Imaging/k-star_T1_analysis_052322_age.rds"))
  19. ##------------------------------------------------------------------------##
  20. str(dat)
  21. str(kmri)
  22. str(smri)
  23. #create the study IDs to be compatible
  24. head(dat$id)
  25. head(dat$STUDYID)
  26. head(kmri$StudyID)
  27. tail(smri$StudyID)
  28. #pad study IDs for cohort data to match MRI
  29. #[redacted to preserve ID anonymity]
  30. ##------------------------------------------------------------------------##
  31. #rbind mri measures and then merge to cohort data
  32. colnames(kmri)
  33. colnames(smri)
  34. mri <- rbind(kmri, smri)
  35. #prepare cohort data to merge to MRI set
  36. #We want to compare m:1 so we can assess the difference in time between depression and MRI scan
  37. str(dat)
  38. str(mri)
  39. # XXXXX and XXXXX exist in MRI but not in cohort data...
  40. # these are Native American or missing race exclusions - they will be removed in inner_join
  41. data <- inner_join(dat, mri, by = "StudyID", relationship = "many-to-one")
  42. #see if they all merged --> race_fact should have no missingness
  43. table(data$race_fact, useNA = "ifany")
  44. #looks good!
  45. #how many unique IDs do we have?
  46. ids <- data %>% select(StudyID) %>% unique()
  47. #560 - this is what we expect
  48. saveRDS(data, paste0(dataexp, "MRI_Long_110823.rds"))
  49. ##------------------------------------------------------------------------##

01_Create_MRI_Cohort.R at commit 6743d82, no license · at the source

Overview

Authors: Tara E Jenson1, Emma L Gause2, Jingxuan Wang3, Sarah F Ackley4, Jennifer Manly5, Evan Fletcher6, Paola Gilsanz7, Rachel A Whitmer8, M Maria Glymour1, Marcia Pescador Jimenez1
  1. Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  2. Center for Climate and Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  3. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  4. Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  5. Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  6. Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
  7. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA, United States
  8. Department of Public Health Sciences and Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
Institutions: Boston University (United States); University of California, San Francisco (United States); Brown University (United States); Columbia University (United States); University of California, Davis (United States); Kaiser Permanente (United States)
Journal: American journal of epidemiology, volume 195, issue 9, pages 2355-2363
Dates: received 4 November 2025; accepted 24 May 2026; published online 16 June 2026; in print September 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY-NC
Identifiers: DOI 10.1093/aje/kwag135 · PMID 42299687 · PMCID PMC13537852 · OpenAlex W7164881301
Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: structural MRI / diffusion (modality), human (organism), depression (population), clinical / translational (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Physiology & signal measures
Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging, depression, depressive symptomology, brain aging, older adults, racial/ethnic groups, Bayesian analysis
MeSH: Aging*, Brain*, Depression*, Ethnicity*, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bayes Theorem, Black or African American, California, Female, Gray Matter, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuroimaging, White, White Matter (* major topic)
Journal subjects: Breakthroughs in Epidemiology
Topic: Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research (Psychiatry and Mental health, Medicine), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Alzheimer's Association (23AARGD-1030259); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS139186); National Institute on Aging (NIA) (R01AG052132, R01AG050782, and P01AG082653)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 63 references in the paper

Abstract

Depression has been associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of larger white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes and smaller cerebral gray matter volumes (GMV) in predominantly White samples. Recent findings suggest that some race/ethnicity groups may experience more severe health consequences due to depression when it is present, compared with depression in White populations. We investigated the association of depressive symptoms with WMH and GMV by race/ethnicity, using a continuous measure of depressive symptoms to capture participants’ experience of depression more expansively versus clinical diagnosis alone. A diverse sample of older, northern California Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences and the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans participants (n = 550) underwent MRI neuroimaging 2017-2022. Baseline depressive symptoms were measured in 2017 using the National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System toolbox. We conducted a literature-informed Bayesian analysis, stratified by race/ethnicity, to examine the association between baseline depressive symptoms and post-baseline WMH and GMV. Our sample was 14% Asian, 54% Black, 16% Latino, and 17% White. Overall, we did not observe an association between depressive symptoms and log(WMH; 0.06, 95% credible interval [CrI]: −0.09, 0.22) or GMV (−0.74, 95% CrI: −1.62, 0.16). In stratified analyses, 1 SD higher depressive symptoms were associated with larger log(WMH) volume (0.21, 95% CrI: 0.002, 0.42) among Black participants and smaller GMV among Latino participants (−2.92, 95% CrI: −4.31, −1.52). Unexpectedly, depressive symptoms were associated with larger GMV in Asian participants (2.41, 95% CrI: 0.87, 3.95). More severe depressive symptoms were associated with MRI markers of brain aging among Black and Latino participants.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY-NC), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 1 match between paragraphs and lines of code.

SpatialHealth/KHANDLE-STAR_Depression_MRI

License: none: the authors keep all their rights
State: the link answers, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: 6743d82e50ea4d2ea8633755209c88b5876ea4a2, 15 April 2025
Languages: R (17)
Size: 18 files, 17 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the text, “Statistical analysis”
Holds: README
Not found: license file, CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: tidyverse (17 files), ggplot2 (6 files), ggpubr (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers
  • 26 September 2026: the link answers
18 files

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 17 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 1 match between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability

The data underlying this article cannot be shared publicly due to the privacy of individuals who participated in the KHANDLE and STAR cohorts. All access inquiries for the datasets used in this study should be directed to the Rachel Whitmer Lab: https://rachelwhitmer.ucdavis.edu/current-studies

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY-NC), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 10 authors, 7 keywords, 19 MeSH terms, 3 funders, 61 references.

Cite

This paper

Jenson, T. E., Gause, E. L., Wang, J., Ackley, S. F., Manly, J., Fletcher, E., Gilsanz, P., Whitmer, R. A., Glymour, M. M., & Jimenez, M. P. (2026). Depressive symptoms and neuroimaging markers of brain aging in an ethno-racially diverse sample: a Bayesian analysis. American journal of epidemiology, 195(9), 2355-2363. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwag135

BibTeX

@article{jenson2026depressive,
author = {Jenson, Tara E and Gause, Emma L and Wang, Jingxuan and Ackley, Sarah F and Manly, Jennifer and Fletcher, Evan and Gilsanz, Paola and Whitmer, Rachel A and Glymour, M Maria and Jimenez, Marcia Pescador},
title = {{Depressive symptoms and neuroimaging markers of brain aging in an ethno-racially diverse sample: a Bayesian analysis}},
journal = {American journal of epidemiology},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
volume = {195},
number = {9},
pages = {2355--2363},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
issn = {0002-9262},
doi = {10.1093/aje/kwag135},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwag135},
pmid = {42299687},
pmcid = {PMC13537852}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Jenson, Tara E
AU - Gause, Emma L
AU - Wang, Jingxuan
AU - Ackley, Sarah F
AU - Manly, Jennifer
AU - Fletcher, Evan
AU - Gilsanz, Paola
AU - Whitmer, Rachel A
AU - Glymour, M Maria
AU - Jimenez, Marcia Pescador
TI - Depressive symptoms and neuroimaging markers of brain aging in an ethno-racially diverse sample: a Bayesian analysis
T2 - American journal of epidemiology
J2 - Am J Epidemiol
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
VL - 195
IS - 9
SP - 2355
EP - 2363
SN - 0002-9262
PB - Oxford University Press
DO - 10.1093/aje/kwag135
UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwag135
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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