Unmated Queens Show Worker-Like Behaviour and Gene Expression in Polygynous Colonies of the Ant Stigmatomma pallipes.

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Paper

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The authors' code

Shell · 23 lines · 453 B · GPL-3.0

#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH -A m2_jgu-funcpoll
#SBATCH -J run_nanoplot
#SBATCH -C skylake
#SBATCH -p parallel
#SBATCH -n 1
#SBATCH -c 1
#SBATCH -t 02:00:00
#SBATCH -v
#SBATCH -o run_nanoplot.%j.out
#SBATCH -e run_nanoplot.%j.err
module purge
module load lang/Python/3.12.3-GCCcore-13.3.0
PROJECT_DIR=/lustre/project/m2_jgu-funcpoll
## Take inputs from the command line:
INPUT=$1
~/.local/bin/NanoPlot --fastq "$INPUT" -t 20 -o results/nanoplot_output

run_nanoplot.sh at commit 9d77493, under GPL-3.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Maximilian F. Bolder¹, Jannik S. Möllmann¹, Thomas J. Colgan¹, Romain Libbrecht^1,2

ORCID iDs: Maximilian F. Bolder, Thomas J. Colgan

Institutions: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Germany); Université de Tours (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France); Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 (France)

Journal: Molecular ecology, volume 35, issue 9, article e70360

Dates: received 29 November 2025; accepted 10 April 2026; published online 29 April 2026; in print May 2026

Type: Research article · Language: English

License: CC BY

Identifiers: DOI 10.1111/mec.70360 · PMID 42053018 · PMCID PMC13126620 · OpenAlex W7158143467

Open access: hybrid, a free copy (OpenAlex)

Status: code verified

Categories: genetics / omics (modality), other (organism), cellular / molecular (subfield)

Methods: Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Preprocessing

Keywords: Amblyoponinae, division of labor, phenotypic plasticity, social insects, transcriptomics

MeSH: Ants*, Behavior, Animal*, Gene Expression*, Sexual Behavior, Animal*, Social Behavior*, Animals, Female, Reproduction, Transcriptome (* major topic)

Topic: Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior (Genetics, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology), according to OpenAlex

Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (GRK2526/11 Project number: 407023052); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency) (ANR‐23‐CE02‐0004 (project ANTOGENY)); Huyck Preserve; Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (20021/743)

Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 116 references in the paper

Abstract

Insect societies show a reproductive division of labor between egg‐laying queens and workers that fulfil all non‐reproductive tasks. Polygyny, the coexistence of several queens in a colony, has evolved multiple times in social insects. Although queens in polygynous colonies are often assumed to have similar reproductive outputs, they may actually show variation in terms of physiology and behaviour. However, little is known on the mechanistic basis of such variation. Here, we used the ant Stigmatomma pallipes to investigate: (i) whether nestmate queens from polygynous colonies differed in mobility, behaviour, and gene expression; and (ii) whether this variation was explained by their mating status. We used individual tracking and behavioural scoring to identify two types of queens: low‐mobility (LM) queens that behaved like monogynous queens and high‐mobility (HM) queens with worker‐like behaviour. Dissections of reproductive organs revealed that only one queen per colony was mated and reproductively active, consistently corresponding to the LM category. As a complementary approach, we performed transcriptomic‐based analyses of brains and fat bodies, finding that mated LM‐polygynous queens had similar transcriptomic profiles to monogynous queens, while unmated HM‐polygynous queens resembled workers. Transcriptomic differences between LM‐ and HM‐polygynous queens were primarily associated with processes related to protein synthesis, transcription, and neural activity. Our finding that unmated queens in polygynous S. pallipes colonies exhibit worker‐like behaviour and gene expression challenges traditional views of queen specialization at different biological levels and provides new insights into reproductive division of labor in insect societies.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above.

Joscolgan/stigmatomma_pallipes_genome

License: GPL-3.0

State: the link answers, verified on 27 September 2026

Evidence: files inventoried

Commit: 9d77493493caf66771c3054431b3ddedf8f12436, 16 May 2026

Languages: Shell (12)

Size: 21 files, 12 scripts

Software Heritage: not archived

Found in: the text, “Disclosure”

Holds: README, license file

Not found: CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation

Tools: Biopython (8 files)

Availability: 1 check, the latest on 27 September 2026: the link answers

27 September 2026: the link answers

14 files

01_quality_assessment/run_nanoplot.sh, Shell, 23 lines
02_nanopore_filtering/run_chopper.sh, Shell, 28 lines
03_assembly/run_flye_hq.sh, Shell, 26 lines
04_assembly_assessment/run_quast.sh, Shell, 19 lines
04_assembly_assessment/run_quast_multi.sh, Shell, 24 lines
05_polishing/run_minimap2.sh, Shell, 23 lines
05_polishing/run_racon.sh, Shell, 26 lines
06_busco/run_busco.sh, Shell, 27 lines
07_repeat_masking/run_repeat_masker.sh, Shell, 20 lines
07_repeat_masking/run_repeat_masker_soft.sh, Shell, 21 lines
07_repeat_masking/run_repeat_modeler.sh, Shell, 43 lines
07_repeat_masking/run_repeat_modeler_new.sh, Shell, 43 lines
LICENSE, License, 674 lines
README.md, Text, 38 lines

At the source: github.com/Joscolgan/stigmatomma_pallipes_genome

The paper's code and data availability statement is in the Data section.

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
12 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
no match between paragraphs and code yet;
neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data Availability Statement

All raw data used in this study are available as part of the Supporting Information—S1 or made publicly available from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (BioProject: PRJNA1371108). The code and input data for all analyses are provided as Supporting Information—S1.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 2, 28 September 2026

Publisher: n/a → Wiley

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 4 authors, 5 keywords, 9 MeSH terms, 4 funders, 104 references.

Cite

This paper

Bolder, M. F., Möllmann, J. S., Colgan, T. J., & Libbrecht, R. (2026). Unmated Queens Show Worker-Like Behaviour and Gene Expression in Polygynous Colonies of the Ant Stigmatomma pallipes. Molecular ecology, 35(9), e70360. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.70360

BibTeX

@article{bolder2026unmated, author = {Bolder, Maximilian F. and Möllmann, Jannik S. and Colgan, Thomas J. and Libbrecht, Romain}, title = {{Unmated Queens Show Worker-Like Behaviour and Gene Expression in Polygynous Colonies of the Ant Stigmatomma pallipes}}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, year = {2026}, month = may, volume = {35}, number = {9}, pages = {e70360}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {0962-1083}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70360}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.70360}, pmid = {42053018}, pmcid = {PMC13126620} }

RIS

TY - JOUR AU - Bolder, Maximilian F. AU - Möllmann, Jannik S. AU - Colgan, Thomas J. AU - Libbrecht, Romain TI - Unmated Queens Show Worker-Like Behaviour and Gene Expression in Polygynous Colonies of the Ant Stigmatomma pallipes T2 - Molecular ecology J2 - Mol Ecol PY - 2026 DA - 2026/05/01 VL - 35 IS - 9 SP - e70360 SN - 0962-1083 PB - Wiley DO - 10.1111/mec.70360 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.70360 LA - en ER -

CSL-JSON

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