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Physical exercise in combination with audiovisual stimulation alleviates cognitive and affective impairments in Alzheimer's disease model mice via restoring lysosomal membrane integrity.

Overview

Authors: Jun Jia1,2,3, Guomin Xie1, Wu Zheng1, Chunshuang Xu2, Yuxin Xia4, Qiaoxia Hu5, Binbin Xiang2, Xinkai Zhou2, Anqi Chen2, Xiaoping Chen3,6, Qinwen Wang2, Yingsong Zhou3, Shujun Xu1,2
  1. Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040 China
  2. Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
  3. Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
  4. Department of Anesthesiology, Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315012 China
  5. Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010 China
  6. China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, 100061 China
Journal: Alzheimer's research & therapy, volume 18, issue 1, article 178
Dates: received 22 July 2025; accepted 7 May 2026; published online 29 May 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.1186/s13195-026-02075-8 · PMID 42216028 · PMCID PMC13425872 · OpenAlex W7162810197
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: data only
Categories: mouse (organism), Alzheimer's / dementia (population), cellular / molecular (subfield)
Methods: Statistics, Machine learning
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, Exercise, Audiovisual stimulation, Autophagy, Lysosome, Neuroinflammation
MeSH: Acoustic Stimulation*, Alzheimer Disease*, Lysosomes*, Photic Stimulation*, Physical Conditioning, Animal*, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Hippocampus, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Peptide Fragments, Presenilin-1 (* major topic)
Topic: Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies (Sensory Systems, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo (2022J118); Ningbo Key Research and Development Plan Project (2023Z196, 2023Z173); This work was supported by grants from National Key Research and Development Project of China (2023YFF0724802); Li Dak Sum, Yip Yio Chin, Kenneth Li Marine Biomedical Development Fund of Ningbo University (No.2026-2); Ningbo Medical and Health Brand Discipline (PPXK2024-01); 2025 Annual Zhejiang Province "Jianbing" and "Lingyan" Science and Technology Program Project (2025C02252); Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY23H090005)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 61 references in the paper

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive disorder characterized by cognitive decline. Physical exercise and audiovisual stimulation have gained increasing concern for their potential to mitigate AD pathology. However, the therapeutic advantages of combining these interventions and the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these strategies need further demonstration.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of physical exercise combined with audiovisual stimulation on cognitive and affective functions, as well as on pathological alterations in AD mice.

Methods: Both AD model mice established by injecting Aβ₄₂ oligomers into hippocampus and APP/PS1 AD transgenic mice were used. Mice were subjected to treadmill training, 40 Hz audio-visual stimulation, or a combination of these interventions, respectively. After the interventions, the cognitive and anxiety/depression-like behaviors were evaluated by novel object recognition, morris water maze, open field, tail suspension, or forced swimming, respectively. Quantitative proteomics combined with molecular analyses and transmission electron microscopy were used to systematically evaluate the underlying mechanism of multimodal interventions in AD model mice.

Results: The multimodal intervention significantly prevented cognitive impairment and ameliorated anxiety/depression-like behaviors of APP/PS1 AD transgenic mice and AD model mice induced by injecting Aβ₄₂ oligomers, outperforming single-modality treatments. It markedly diminished hippocampal accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau phosphorylation in AD mice. Multiple interventions also reversed synapse loss of AD mice. Proteomic analyses revealed that multimodal intervention exerted a more comprehensive restoration of dysregulated proteins in AD mice compared to single-modality interventions. The interventions have synergetic effects in decreasing inflammation reactions and restoring the autophagy-lysosomal function. Multimodal intervention upregulated the expression TFEB, and concurrently increased HSPA1L expression to restore lysosomal membrane integrity. The degradation function of lysosomes was also improved by multimodal intervention as revealed by the decreased LC3II/I ratio, reduced p62 level, as well as alleviated lysosome enlargement in AD mice. Upregulation of HSPA1L reversed the disruption of lysosome membrane integrity of AD transegenic mice, thereby reversed the increased accumulation of Aβ and cognitive defects of AD.

Conclusion: Physical exercise and audiovisual stimulation exert synergistic effects in decreasing the inflammation reaction and maintaining autophagy-lysosomal homeostasis by increasing the biogenesis of lysosomes and restoring the integrity of lysosome membrane, thereby reducing Aβ deposition and cognitive defect of AD mice. This study highlights the significant therapeutic potential of multimodal, non-pharmacological strategies for Alzheimer’s disease.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-026-02075-8.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Code

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Data

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Data availability

The raw data have been uploaded to iProX and are publicly available at https://www.iprox.cn/page/project.html?id=IPX0016828000. All data generated or analyzed in this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

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Version 1, 28 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, issue, pages, dates, 13 authors, 6 keywords, 16 MeSH terms, 7 funders, 61 references.

Cite

This paper

Jia, J., Xie, G., Zheng, W., Xu, C., Xia, Y., Hu, Q., Xiang, B., Zhou, X., Chen, A., Chen, X., Wang, Q., Zhou, Y., & Xu, S. (2026). Physical exercise in combination with audiovisual stimulation alleviates cognitive and affective impairments in Alzheimer's disease model mice via restoring lysosomal membrane integrity. Alzheimer's research & therapy, 18(1), 178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-026-02075-8

BibTeX

@article{jia2026physical,
author = {Jia, Jun and Xie, Guomin and Zheng, Wu and Xu, Chunshuang and Xia, Yuxin and Hu, Qiaoxia and Xiang, Binbin and Zhou, Xinkai and Chen, Anqi and Chen, Xiaoping and Wang, Qinwen and Zhou, Yingsong and Xu, Shujun},
title = {{Physical exercise in combination with audiovisual stimulation alleviates cognitive and affective impairments in Alzheimer's disease model mice via restoring lysosomal membrane integrity}},
journal = {Alzheimer's research \& therapy},
year = {2026},
month = may,
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {178},
publisher = {BMC},
issn = {1758-9193},
doi = {10.1186/s13195-026-02075-8},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-026-02075-8},
pmid = {42216028},
pmcid = {PMC13425872}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Jia, Jun
AU - Xie, Guomin
AU - Zheng, Wu
AU - Xu, Chunshuang
AU - Xia, Yuxin
AU - Hu, Qiaoxia
AU - Xiang, Binbin
AU - Zhou, Xinkai
AU - Chen, Anqi
AU - Chen, Xiaoping
AU - Wang, Qinwen
AU - Zhou, Yingsong
AU - Xu, Shujun
TI - Physical exercise in combination with audiovisual stimulation alleviates cognitive and affective impairments in Alzheimer's disease model mice via restoring lysosomal membrane integrity
T2 - Alzheimer's research & therapy
J2 - Alzheimers Res Ther
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/29
VL - 18
IS - 1
SP - 178
SN - 1758-9193
PB - BMC
DO - 10.1186/s13195-026-02075-8
UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-026-02075-8
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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