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Structural brain alterations associated with brain age may link to social dysfunction in male adults with autism spectrum disorder.

Code ↔ Paper

1 match between paragraphs of the paper and lines of its authors' code, computed by the harvester (lexical-v1). Click a colored paragraph or line to see its counterpart.

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  1. [1] § Materials and methods › Structural MRI preprocessing › VBM analysis ↔ spm_preprocess_brainageR.m, the whole file · a weak match · score 0.51 · MNI, segmented, tissue, FWHM, space, volume

Paper

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The authors' code

MATLAB · 120 lines · 7.5 KB · LGPL-3.0 · 1 match

  1. function spm_preprocess_brainageR(t1, template_dir, spm_dir)
  2. addpath(spm_dir);
  3. % check arguments are specified
  4. if nargin < 3
  5. error('T1 raw image must be specified');
  6. end
  8. %check SPM release
  9. if exist('spm','file') ~= 2, error('Please install SPM12'); end
  10. [v,r] = spm('Ver','',1);
  11. if ~contains(v,'SPM12'), error('%s: Only tested on SPM12', mfilename); end
  12. r = str2double(r);
  13. if (r < 7219), error('%s: please update SPM12', mfilename); end
  14. if (r > 7592) && (r < 7965)
  15. fnm = which('spm_preproc8');
  16. txt = fileread(fnm);
  17. badStr = 'param(6)*scal^2;';
  18. if contains(txt,badStr)
  19. warning("see https://github.com/james-cole/brainageR/issues/3\n")
  20. error('change "%s" to "param(6)*scal;" in "%s"', badStr, fnm);
  21. end %bad string
  22. end %r 7593..7964
  24. spm_jobman('initcfg');
  25. %t1 = fullfile(pwd,t1);
  26. pattern = '.nii';
  27. replacement = '';
  28. fname = regexprep(t1,pattern,replacement);
  30. % Segment
  31. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.channel.vols = {[t1, ',1']};
  32. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.channel.biasreg = 0.001;
  33. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.channel.biasfwhm = 60;
  34. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.channel.write = [0 0];
  35. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(1).tpm = {[spm_dir,'tpm/TPM.nii,1']};
  36. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(1).ngaus = 2;
  37. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(1).native = [1 1];
  38. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(1).warped = [0 0];
  39. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(2).tpm = {[spm_dir,'tpm/TPM.nii,2']};
  40. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(2).ngaus = 2;
  41. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(2).native = [1 1];
  42. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(2).warped = [0 0];
  43. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(3).tpm = {[spm_dir,'tpm/TPM.nii,3']};
  44. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(3).ngaus = 2;
  45. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(3).native = [1 1];
  46. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(3).warped = [0 0];
  47. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(4).tpm = {[spm_dir,'tpm/TPM.nii,4']};
  48. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(4).ngaus = 3;
  49. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(4).native = [0 0];
  50. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(4).warped = [0 0];
  51. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(5).tpm = {[spm_dir,'tpm/TPM.nii,5']};
  52. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(5).ngaus = 4;
  53. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(5).native = [0 0];
  54. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(5).warped = [0 0];
  55. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(6).tpm = {[spm_dir,'tpm/TPM.nii,6']};
  56. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(6).ngaus = 2;
  57. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(6).native = [0 0];
  58. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.tissue(6).warped = [0 0];
  59. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.warp.mrf = 1;
  60. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.warp.cleanup = 1;
  61. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.warp.reg = [0 0.001 0.5 0.05 0.2];
  62. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.warp.affreg = 'mni';
  63. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.warp.fwhm = 0;
  64. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.warp.samp = 3;
  65. matlabbatch{1}.spm.spatial.preproc.warp.write = [0 0];
  67. % Run Dartel (existing Templates)
  68. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.images{1}(1) = cfg_dep('Segment: rc1 Images', substruct('.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}), substruct('.','tiss', '()',{1}, '.','rc', '()',{':'}));
  69. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.images{2}(1) = cfg_dep('Segment: rc2 Images', substruct('.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}), substruct('.','tiss', '()',{2}, '.','rc', '()',{':'}));
  70. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.images{3}(1) = cfg_dep('Segment: rc3 Images', substruct('.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}), substruct('.','tiss', '()',{3}, '.','rc', '()',{':'}));
  71. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.rform = 0;
  72. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(1).its = 3;
  73. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(1).rparam = [4 2 1e-06];
  74. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(1).K = 0;
  75. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(1).template = {[template_dir,'Template_1.nii']};
  76. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(2).its = 3;
  77. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(2).rparam = [2 1 1e-06];
  78. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(2).K = 0;
  79. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(2).template = {[template_dir,'Template_2.nii']};
  80. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(3).its = 3;
  81. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(3).rparam = [1 0.5 1e-06];
  82. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(3).K = 1;
  83. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(3).template = {[template_dir,'Template_3.nii']};
  84. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(4).its = 3;
  85. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(4).rparam = [0.5 0.25 1e-06];
  86. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(4).K = 2;
  87. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(4).template = {[template_dir,'Template_4.nii']};
  88. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(5).its = 3;
  89. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(5).rparam = [0.25 0.125 1e-06];
  90. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(5).K = 4;
  91. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(5).template = {[template_dir,'Template_5.nii']};
  92. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(6).its = 3;
  93. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(6).rparam = [0.25 0.125 1e-06];
  94. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(6).K = 6;
  95. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.param(6).template = {[template_dir,'Template_6.nii']};
  96. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.optim.lmreg = 0.01;
  97. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.optim.cyc = 3;
  98. matlabbatch{2}.spm.tools.dartel.warp1.settings.optim.its = 3;
  100. % Normalise to MNI Space (segmented images)
  101. matlabbatch{3}.spm.tools.dartel.mni_norm.template = {[template_dir,'Template_6.nii']};
  102. matlabbatch{3}.spm.tools.dartel.mni_norm.data.subjs.flowfields(1) = cfg_dep('Run Dartel (existing Templates): Flow Fields', substruct('.','val', '{}',{2}, '.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}), substruct('.','files', '()',{':'}));
  103. matlabbatch{3}.spm.tools.dartel.mni_norm.data.subjs.images{1}(1) = cfg_dep('Segment: c1 Images', substruct('.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}), substruct('.','tiss', '()',{1}, '.','c', '()',{':'}));
  104. matlabbatch{3}.spm.tools.dartel.mni_norm.data.subjs.images{2}(1) = cfg_dep('Segment: c2 Images', substruct('.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}), substruct('.','tiss', '()',{2}, '.','c', '()',{':'}));
  105. matlabbatch{3}.spm.tools.dartel.mni_norm.data.subjs.images{3}(1) = cfg_dep('Segment: c3 Images', substruct('.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}), substruct('.','tiss', '()',{3}, '.','c', '()',{':'}));
  106. matlabbatch{3}.spm.tools.dartel.mni_norm.vox = [NaN NaN NaN];
  107. matlabbatch{3}.spm.tools.dartel.mni_norm.bb = [NaN NaN NaN
  108. NaN NaN NaN];
  109. matlabbatch{3}.spm.tools.dartel.mni_norm.preserve = 1;
  110. matlabbatch{3}.spm.tools.dartel.mni_norm.fwhm = [4 4 4];
  111. % Calculate tissue volumes
  112. matlabbatch{4}.spm.util.tvol.matfiles(1) = cfg_dep('Segment: Seg Params', substruct('.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}, '.','val', '{}',{1}), substruct('.','param', '()',{':'}));
  113. matlabbatch{4}.spm.util.tvol.tmax = 3;
  114. matlabbatch{4}.spm.util.tvol.mask = {[spm_dir,'tpm/mask_ICV.nii,1']};
  115. matlabbatch{4}.spm.util.tvol.outf = [fname,'_tissue_volumes.csv'];
  117. spm('defaults', 'PET');
  118. spm_jobman('run', matlabbatch);
  120. exit;

spm_preprocess_brainageR.m at commit f944460, under LGPL-3.0 · at the source

Overview

Authors: Gang Xiao1, Xiaoshi Li1,2, Yue Qin1,3, Wanting Zhao3, Xin Li1, Yifan Qian1, Juan Tian1, Xueting Chen1, Wei Li4, Lei Wang1
  1. Department of Radiology, Xi’an Daxing Hospital Affiliated to Yan’an University, Xi’an, China
  2. Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
  3. Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
  4. Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
Institutions: Yan'an University (China); First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (China); Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine (China); Tang Du Hospital (China); Air Force Medical University (China)
Journal: Frontiers in neuroscience, volume 20, article 1795744
Dates: received 25 January 2026; accepted 13 July 2026; published online 28 July 2026
Type: Research article · Language: English
License: CC BY
Identifiers: DOI 10.3389/fnins.2026.1795744 · PMID 42582231 · PMCID PMC13457365 · OpenAlex W7171519496
Open access: gold, a free copy (OpenAlex)
Status: code verified
Categories: structural MRI / diffusion (modality), human (organism), autism (population)
Methods: Statistics, Smoothing, state filtering, decompositions, Preprocessing, Connectivity, fMRI & imaging
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, brain age gap, combined batch effect correction, fractal dimension, gray matter volume
Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder Research (Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience), according to OpenAlex
Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China (82360355)
Citations: not cited yet (Europe PMC); 58 references in the paper

Abstract

Background: While atypical brain development in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been extensively characterized during childhood and adolescence, it remains unclear how these neurodevelopmental deviations persist into adulthood and affect brain aging. Existing studies relying on single morphometric measures have yielded inconsistent findings, underscoring the need for integrative, multiscale neuroimaging approaches.

Materials and methods: Using data from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I (ABIDE-I) dataset, we investigated brain structural alterations in 90 adult males with ASD and 132 age-matched typically developing (TD) controls. All participants were right-handed and aged 18–55 years. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was employed to assess gray matter volume (GMV), and surface-based morphometry (SBM) was used to quantify cortical fractal dimension (FD). Global brain aging was evaluated using MRI-derived brain age estimation, from which the brain age gap (BAG) was calculated. Site-related effects were harmonized using the ComBat method. Group comparisons were performed for GMV, FD, and BAG using multiple linear regression, with age, full-scale IQ, and total intracranial volume included as covariates. Associations between neuroimaging metrics and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores were further examined.

Results: Cross-sectional comparisons demonstrated that adults with ASD exhibited higher estimated BAG values relative to TD controls (F = 6.838, p = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.031). ComBat-harmonized morphometric analyses revealed exploratory localized GMV and FD differences, including increased GMV and FD in the right precuneus and increased FD in the lingual gyrus and lateral orbitofrontal cortex. GMV in the right precuneus showed an exploratory positive correlation with ADOS social-domain scores (r = 0.214, q = 0.044).

Conclusion: Adults with ASD exhibited higher estimated BAG relative to TD controls in this cross-sectional sample. An exploratory association between right precuneus GMV and ADOS social-domain scores suggests a possible link between localized structural variation and social symptom severity, although this finding requires replication in longitudinal and clinically richer datasets given their sensitivity to the harmonization strategy.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Repository

Its files are read in the Code ↔ Paper reader above, with 1 match between paragraphs and lines of code.

james-cole/brainageR

License: LGPL-3.0
State: the link answers, verified on 26 September 2026
Evidence: files inventoried
Commit: f9444605527337b07b9a8eb2f6c8c81261aa8b61, 14 September 2026
Languages: Shell (5), R (1), MATLAB (1)
Size: 25 files, 7 scripts
Software Heritage: not archived
Found in: the text
Holds: README, license file
Not found: CITATION.cff, environment file, tests, continuous integration, documentation
Tools: FSL (3 files), RNifti (1 file), SPM (1 file), tidyverse (1 file)
Availability: 1 check, the latest on 26 September 2026: the link answers
  • 26 September 2026: the link answers
9 files
At the source: github.com/james-cole/brainageR

Tracing map

Proposed by the machine: these links were found in the paper and verified at the source, without human review. The map will receive a Zenodo DOI once one of the paper's authors has validated it with their ORCID.

What the map holds:

  • 1 repository of the authors' code, each at its verified commit, with its license and how the link was found in the paper;
  • 7 scripts, each with its path and the digest of its content;
  • 1 match between paragraphs of the paper and lines of the code (method lexical-v1);
  • neither the text of the paper nor the code itself.

Its JSON (tracing-map.json) is deposited on Zenodo with its DOI once the map is validated.

Data

No dataset and no data link were found in the paper.

Data availability statement

Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE).

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

Versions

The history of this record: each version stored by the harvester or made by a correction of its authors or of the maintainers of its code, and what changed in its facts. The texts of the paper (its abstract, its availability statements) are not part of it; versions that changed only those are not listed.

Version 2, 28 September 2026

  • Funding: added National Natural Science Foundation of China: 82360355

Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 10 authors, 5 keywords, 58 references.

Cite

This paper

Xiao, G., Li, X., Qin, Y., Zhao, W., Li, X., Qian, Y., Tian, J., Chen, X., Li, W., & Wang, L. (2026). Structural brain alterations associated with brain age may link to social dysfunction in male adults with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in neuroscience, 20, 1795744. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1795744

BibTeX

@article{xiao2026structural,
author = {Xiao, Gang and Li, Xiaoshi and Qin, Yue and Zhao, Wanting and Li, Xin and Qian, Yifan and Tian, Juan and Chen, Xueting and Li, Wei and Wang, Lei},
title = {{Structural brain alterations associated with brain age may link to social dysfunction in male adults with autism spectrum disorder}},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
volume = {20},
pages = {1795744},
publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
issn = {1662-4548},
doi = {10.3389/fnins.2026.1795744},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1795744},
pmid = {42582231},
pmcid = {PMC13457365}
}

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Xiao, Gang
AU - Li, Xiaoshi
AU - Qin, Yue
AU - Zhao, Wanting
AU - Li, Xin
AU - Qian, Yifan
AU - Tian, Juan
AU - Chen, Xueting
AU - Li, Wei
AU - Wang, Lei
TI - Structural brain alterations associated with brain age may link to social dysfunction in male adults with autism spectrum disorder
T2 - Frontiers in neuroscience
J2 - Front Neurosci
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/28
VL - 20
SP - 1795744
SN - 1662-4548
PB - Frontiers Media SA
DO - 10.3389/fnins.2026.1795744
UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1795744
LA - en
ER -

CSL-JSON

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"id": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1795744",
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"title": "Structural brain alterations associated with brain age may link to social dysfunction in male adults with autism spectrum disorder",
"container-title": "Frontiers in neuroscience",
"author": [
{
"family": "Xiao",
"given": "Gang"
},
{
"family": "Li",
"given": "Xiaoshi"
},
{
"family": "Qin",
"given": "Yue"
},
{
"family": "Zhao",
"given": "Wanting"
},
{
"family": "Li",
"given": "Xin"
},
{
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"given": "Yifan"
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{
"family": "Tian",
"given": "Juan"
},
{
"family": "Chen",
"given": "Xueting"
},
{
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"given": "Wei"
},
{
"family": "Wang",
"given": "Lei"
}
],
"container-title-short": "Front Neurosci",
"volume": "20",
"page": "1795744",
"DOI": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1795744",
"PMID": "42582231",
"PMCID": "PMC13457365",
"ISSN": "1662-4548",
"publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
"URL": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1795744",
"language": "en",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
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7,
28
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]
}
}

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