BrainFusionNet: an attention-augmented deep convolutional framework with hybrid loss optimisation and test-time augmentation for multi-class brain tumour detection in magnetic resonance images.

Overview

1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE), Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE), Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, India

Abstract

Accurate and timely identification of brain tumours from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans remains one of the most clinically consequential problems in medical image analysis, because the four principal tumour categories — glioma, meningioma, pituitary adenoma, and the tumour-free condition — share overlapping intensity profiles and highly variable morphological presentations. This research introduces BrainFusionNet, a novel deep learning pipeline built on an ImageNet-pre-trained EfficientNet-B4 backbone augmented with a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) and trained with a hybrid loss combining label-smoothing cross-entropy and focal loss. A structured two-phase fine-tuning strategy — frozen early layers during warm-up, followed by full-network unfreezing under a Cosine Annealing with Warm Restarts (CAWR) schedule — maximises generalisation from a moderately sized dataset. At inference time, a five-fold Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) ensemble further sharpens predictions. Evaluated on the publicly available Kaggle Brain Tumour MRI dataset comprising 7–200 annotated scans across four classes, BrainFusionNet achieves a test accuracy of 99.81%, a macro-averaged F1-score of 99.78%, and a mean AUC of 0.9994 — surpassing every compared baseline, including ResNet-50, DenseNet-201, EfficientNet-B4 (standalone), and ViT-B/16, with statistical superiority confirmed by McNemar tests (p< 0.0001 for all comparisons). Cross-institutional validation on the BraTS 2020 dataset (19 institutions, three scanner vendors, zero-shot transfer) yields 98.25% accuracy and AUC = 0.9962, demonstrating robust generalisation to unseen multi-scanner clinical data. Grad-CAM visualisations confirm that the model attends to diagnostically meaningful anatomical regions, and t-SNE embeddings reveal clearly separable inter-class clusters in the learned feature space.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Data

Datasets cited

• kaggle.com/datasets/masoudnickparvar, at Kaggle; found in the references

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Reproduced under the paper's license (CC BY), from the paper cited above.

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Version 1, 27 September 2026: the first record

Recorded: type, language, journal, volume, pages, dates, 2 authors, 8 keywords, 60 references.

Cite

This paper

Chidambaram, S., & Venugopal, J. (2026). BrainFusionNet: an attention-augmented deep convolutional framework with hybrid loss optimisation and test-time augmentation for multi-class brain tumour detection in magnetic resonance images. Frontiers in oncology, 16, 1834400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1834400

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